The Importance of Protecting Rain Forests

Explain the Importance of Maintaining the Biodiversity of Tropical Rain Forests Biodiversity is the variation of plant and animal life in a certain habitat, in other words it is the variation of life forms within a particular ecosystem. All the living species depend on each other and this is where biodiversity comes into play. According to some research 90 percent of all plant and insect and animal species exists in the tropical rain forests. Biodiversity in tropical rain forests is vital since the large amount of species found there are so signi? cant.Biodiversity helps maintain the ecological balance between species in the rain forests. Tropical rain forests such as the Amazon and the Congo Basin, are home to some 500 million people. These people are some of the least privileged groups in our international society. The locals depend on the forests for many important products and environmental services. The native and indigenous peoples rely on the rain forests for their way of life . They do not only meet their economic requirements for food and shelter but also form an integral part of the culture and spiritual traditions.Tropical rain forests have a huge impact on the global climate. They moderate the daily range of air temperatures and maintain the atmospheric humidity levels. Tropical rain forests have been called the lungs of our planet. Forests absorb atmospheric carbon and refresh the oxygen in the air we humans breath daily. The Amazon produces a large 20% of the worlds oxygen. Additionally tropical rain forests provide timber as well as many products from animals such as varieties of meat and hides. Forests are also an important source of new pharmaceuticals used to ? ght cancer, AIDS, and other serious human diseases.Lastly the Rain forests rich and unique biodiversity makes it a popular tourist destination. The tropical rainforest are being destroyed daily and at a fast rate. Different factors contribute to the wreckage of the worlds endangered fore sts. Large mining companies are causing serious environmental damage through releasing toxic waste products into the rain forests and its rivers. These wastes are not only threatening the forests themselves but also the health of the locals living there. Additionally tropical rain forests are disappearing quickly through deforestation. Humans clear the natural forests o make room for farms, to harvest timber, for construction, fuels, and global sales. Deforestation in the Amazon and other rain forests across the world has a devastating effect including the extinction of rare plants and animals, social con? ict and climate change. Lastly large oil companies such as the American company Texaco, now Chevron, are a huge contributor to the destruction of tropical rain forests. The oil extraction process results in the release of toxic byproducts from oil drilling into the local rivers and broken pipelines and leakage are the results of regular oil spills.It is obvious that the great vari ety of forests products is important by economic standard, such as the rubber industry. The Amazon rainforest is one of the most signi? cant producers of natural rubber in the world. Thus making the Amazon rainforest among others a great economic importance. ! Worldwide the destruction of tropical rain forests accounts for more greenhouse gas emission than all the worlds planes, trains, and cars combined. It is crucial for the tropical rain forests to be conserved to stop climate change from getting even worse and to ensure that we can endure the impacts of global warming.Tropical rain forests absorb and stock extensive quantities of carbon, thus helping to regulate temperature and to produce rain. When the forests are destroyed the carbon is released back into the atmosphere. Additionally they ? ght erosion and shield the underground water reserves. Keeping the rain forests standing is a critical factor in ? ghting climate change and modifying to a warmer world. Biodiversity plays an important role in our global eco system and our very existence. It has an immense value that is worth protecting regardless of its value to the human race.The different varieties of species play an important role in the global ecological system. Different forms of live depend on each other for food and sustainability. An example would be snakes eat frogs, frogs eat insects, insects eat plants. This relationship is called the food chain and is extremely vital to stabilize our global eco system. If one species is terminated from the cycle, it will result in the collapse of other living species that depend on one another for their source of food.Conserving biodiversity can also have other bene? ts. Many varieties of biodiversity species have the possibility to become a source of new pharmaceuticals or to provide protection against diseases. Biodiversity and a healthy natural eco-system are crucial for long term sustainability and for the reduction of the effects of climate change. E ssay word count: 793 Works Cited 1900s, By The. â€Å"Rainforests – Explore the Rainforests of the World. † The Nature Conservancy Protecting Nature, Preserving Life. Web. 04 Nov. 2010.

Democracy vs. Dictatorship Essay

There are basically two types of government, Democracy and Dictatorship. Democracy is a majority ruled government. The origin democracy government formed in 400 B.C. in Athens. There are three kinds: Direct democracy where people directly vote in decision; indirect democracy where people elect representative to make decisions, such as our Congress; and Elite democracy where the rich make decision. A dictatorship is government ruled by the few over the many. There are different kinds, such as Communism which meet basic needs of all people; Monarchy where ruled by birth right; Oligarchy where ruled by the few military; and Fascism which is the system of government in Italy. These two types of government are totally opposite of each other and they both have their advantages and disadvantages. In a democracy, people are free and they have their human right. Such as in the United States, we have the bill of right, the first ten amendments. We have freedom to speech; have the right to vote for our government. We also have written rule to limit our government that no one is above the law. Therefore everybody have equal opportunity to success. Moreover, democracy trend to have peaceful power transaction, such as our President we voted for it every four years. However, there are also disadvantages in democracy. Discussion making is slow in democracy since it has to be voted on and pass through many steps. It also has weaker military during peacetime. In addition, since people have more freedom and the government not strict as dictatorship, it usually has higher crime rate and has a wider disparity between rich and poor. In dictatorship, government got their power from the military, therefore they have a stronger military and have lower crime rate. Moreover, since the government has the power to make decision, it has quicker act on decision-making. Dictatorship government potential to provide for the basic standard of living for everybody, but only China and Cube does a good job. The weakness for dictatorship is people have no personal freedom. The government makes all the rules and they can change it as they want anytime. Beside the basic need, government not responsive for other people. And because of the strong control government, a lot of corrupt going on, people have neither opportunity nor fair justice. And when time comes to change of  government, it tends to be violent and bloody because they will never give up their power in the government, therefore it will come to revolution. Democracy and dictatorship both have their advantages and disadvantages. We still can find these two types of government throughout the world. Even though nowadays, many countries worldwide are more trends towards to the democracy such as country in Latin America and Earthen Europe. Weather you like it or not, are your choice if you want your freedom in democracy or if you want much easier to be a subject in dictatorship.

Ebusiness Case Study

CISCO CASE STUDY ANALYSIS Submitted by: Sanal Jose (1021031) Aparna Panda (1021040) Cefi Johnkutty (1021041) Sonam Sethiya (1021052) Q1. Can other corporations benefit from investing in e-business functionality to the same extent that Cisco has? A1. Yes, other corporations can benefit from investing in e-business functionality to the same extent that Cisco has. The ever-changing and dynamic business environment necessitates use of internet and e-business technologies and therefore, these are going to be the face of business in future.Other corporations can benefit highly by making a calculated investment in this field, just as Cisco has been able to do. But there are certain prerequisites which need to be fulfilled before a company invests in e-business otherwise it might lead to a failure. The most important being the organization should have a web oriented culture. The other requisites are: * The company should have a well integrated system where the internet strategies are in sync with the business strategies. * The company should encourage other businesses to network with them. The top level management should ensure the application of an internet strategy in all areas or fields. * Implementation of internet strategy and processes should be as minimum as possible. * Employees should be encouraged to develop innovative processes with the help of internet to increase productivity. * Proper evaluation of processes should be done after the implementation and improvement scope should be there. Proper evaluation of processes should be done after the implementation and improvement scope should be there. Q2.What can other corporations learn from Cisco’s approach to guiding the e-business transformation? A2. The following are some of the learning’s that other corporations can take from Cisco’s approach to guiding the e-business transformation: * A single enterprise system embracing contract manufacturers, distributors, logistics partners, develop ment engineers, service engineers, sales representatives and customers into a single information system. * Information sharing in real time. * Direct fulfillment of orders whereby most of Cisco’s contract anufacturing partners ship directly to customers. * Automatic testing: to ensure product quality by creating test cells on supplier production lines. * Faster product introduction into the market: reducing the number of steps required during prototype development. * Recognize and forecast the need for a scalable business model to meet the demand of rapid growth. * Using Internet as the foundation of an enterprise and develop business models to achieve high performance and gain competitive advantage.

EmotionaI Intelligence (EI), Management, and Leadership-Terence Essay

EmotionaI Intelligence (EI), Management, and Leadership-Terence - Essay Example Since this job is particularly done by the Chief Information Officer therefore career opportunities for CIOs have dramatically increased all over the world. This paper aims to discuss my aspirations for the next 3-5 years in which I want to develop as a Chief Information Officer. This job particularly deals with Information Technology and formulating organizational goals and objectives. Since CIO has a crucial role in developing strategies for company therefore he is also required to maintain higher level of emotional intelligence and significant leadership skills. In order to be a successful Chief Information Officer I need to have good understanding of the modern technology while developing the habit of quickly analyzing information. This is important because one of the core job responsibilities of a CIO is to judge situations in the light of prior experience and knowledge. For instance, if I have experience of handling mass communication networks then it would be helpful for me to guide my subordinates whenever any problem arises. Emotions actually play a very significant role when it comes to supervision and leadership because both of these require operating in critical situations. If a person isn’t able to control his emotions then it is difficult for him to lead others. Currently, my performance strengths include emotional intelligence and ability to ponder over different issues. But on the other side I am highly vulnerable to make errors in judgment due to lack of experience in Information Technology. Today organizations are sugg ested to quickly, creatively and proactively adjust in the changing business environment (Ashkenas, 2002). Swiftly becoming accustomed to the modern corporate world will actually facilitate me in changing myself because only adapting to the new environment can transform me in to a good CIO. The job

Reflection paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Reflection paper - Assignment Example Germanic Europe embraces low humane orientation, is result oriented, focuses on the future and likes planning. This cluster as well advocates for competition and aggressiveness. On the contrary, the southern Asia cluster embraces strong family links, high humane orientation, and deep concern for the feelings of other people. Clearly, these two clusters are extremely different. Leading a group with individuals from these regions may come with quite a number of obstacles. Communicating could be quite difficult since the people from these regions prefer different leadership styles. This means that a style that could be effective in governing the southern Asians could not be effective in managing and directing the Germanic Europeans. People from different cultures view ideas differently since their respective cultures affect their perceptions about life. For instance, it is clear to see that the Germanic Europeans are not risk takers. They follow set procedures and cannot easily deviate. As a way of preparing to prepare to handle these challenges, I would adopt the team-oriented leadership. Through this approach, I can learn the weaknesses and strengths of each member and trying to do away with petty faults in a bid to build a strong team. As a diversity conscious leader, I would leverage my strengths by acting as a coordinator, a competent team builder, a fo re-planner and a win-win conflict resolver in a bid to build strong links. The process of Appreciative inquiry (Ai) was captivating and enlightening to me. The fact that the idea is concerned with generating innovative ideas makes the experience extremely informative. This is among the most reliable techniques of achieving change in the organization. Changes for the better and continuous improvement are among the most prominent ideas in the contemporary business world. The Ai process boosts creativity and equips one with up-to-date information and knowledge. The most challenging part of the

The English Legal System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The English Legal System - Essay Example The UK parliament is the sovereign authority of legislation i.e. is responsible for the creation of Acts of Parliament. Before enactment, an Act is referred to as a Bill, both Houses of Parliament have to consider Bills and finally receive the Royal Assent. The most importantly is delegated legislation that is considered as a source of law.The next source of law is case law, the effective creation and refinement of law during judicial decisions: The judiciary main function is interpreting the actual meaning of legislation providing it with further creativity. The final source of law is custom. The common law represents a crystallization of common customs, distilled by the judiciary in the course of its travels round the land. A second possible customary source of law its rules are derived form specific local customs. In the English legal system restraints on judges are that the Judicial decisions are subject to modification by legislation; And the final authority to dismiss a judge r esides in Parliament but this can only be done by the consent of both Houses. However jurisdiction of courts supervises the use of statutory and prerogative powers by government ministers. Moreover "The validity of actions and decisions for which there is no legal authority or source or which are taken in flagrant abuse of the requirements of procedural fairness (natural justice) may be challenged through an application for judicial review." Carroll, a. 2007. In addition There are rules that underpinning judicial independence: By convention ministers do not criticize judges or their decisions - although in recent times some see it can't be applied on parliamentary questions relating to controversial cases. According to the rules of the House of Commons it is forbidden to criticize a judge unless pursuant to a substantive motion for dismissal. It is permitted to propose adverse comment on judicial decisions providing this does not reflect on a judge's character or competence. For explaining the power of precedent Judicial precedent means that judges must follow the rule of law established in the previous decided cases of the court of equal status or higher, if they are of the same legal principle and facts. Judicial precedent is a system of law-making by judges rather than by parliament. The decisions made by the judges, called precedents, are used as models for future cases. This causes certainty due to the prediction of outcome of a case on which applied previous rules of a similar case however due to discretion of judges to make law and over rule precedents and conflicting rules may also produce uncertainty. The precedents of the Higher courts are binding on lower courts and the court structure is hierarchical and the House of Lords is the highest court. With R v R - rape within marriages - wife no longer a property of husband. A court higher up in the hierarchy in a different later case can set aside a legal ruling established in a previous case. Overruling refers to the ratio of a case and not its decision. It has to be emphasized the

Strategic management of Nokia India Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic management of Nokia India - Assignment Example It is now facing the dilemma of introducing Nokia Life Tools services for the rural population; the main services that will be offered are Education, Entertainment and Agricultural services. In order to have complete roll out in India, the company will have to implement systems that will help it in offering consistent services to the customers along with up-to-date information so that the users can benefit from such valuable source of information. The company will have to develop the system that will ensure that every customer in India is given proper services; it has been successful in meeting the demands of urban population and it will definitely capture the rural market share. Introduction to Nokia and Nokia India Nokia Corporation is a multinational company of the telecommunication sector that has its headquarters in Keilaniemi, Espoo which is a city near Finland. Nokia has been present in the market for almost a decade and has been developing extraordinary, high quality and inno vative mobile devices. The company has even entered into Internet and communication sectors; it has its roots in four distinct segments i.e. Mobile Devices, Enterprise Solutions, Networks and Multimedia. In the case study, it is mentioned that as of 2009, Nokia Corporation is present in more than one hundred and fifty countries and is earning global revenue of EUR 4.1 billion. Nokia Corporation is considered to be the leading manufacturer of mobile devices as it has the latest technologies and its workforce comprises of well-qualified and highly trained employees. For every major segment and its ethical practices, the company is producing mobile devices that have additional features such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), W-CDMA and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It is also offering various Internet services like music, maps, media, applications, games and text messages via its Ovi platform. Nokia Corporation has entered into various partnership agreements like Nokia Siemens Network that produces equipment, services and solutions for the telecommunication network. Hence, it is the best company in the telecommunication industry that has been serving customers by exceeding their expectations level (Aspara et al., 2011). In India, Nokia Corporation started its operations in 1995 and it played a revolutionary role in the cellular technology’s robust growth. Currently, Nokia has its operations in five major cities of India i.e. Mumbai, Bangalore, Ahmadabad, New Delhi and Kolkata. The operations of the company comprise of the handsets and network infrastructure businesses like Nokia Siemens (both companies merged to share the telecom network operations and equipment division) so that it can take advantage of business opportunities in the market. This strategic alliance has helped the companies in becoming the main supplier to all top

War is not necessary (con war) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

War is not necessary (con war) - Research Paper Example In this research paper, several different wars will be examined. The causes and effects will be examined as well as the overall cons associated with war. Wars happen in many different areas of the world. Wars ruin lives of almost everyone whom is involved. The tragedy and deaths of war is followed throughout history and brings many modern day struggles to different cultures and ethnic groups. It is important to see war for its negative affects in order to express how war is not necessary to solve problems. King Phillips War took place between 1675 and 1676. The war was between the New England colonies and several different Indian tribes. This war was the result of power and territory. The New England Colonists wanted what the Native American Indians had. The Colonist saw that the Native Americans were blessed with land that provided abundant resources and room for expansion. The Native Americans protected these resources as the New England Colonist sought to build and destroy the land. The reason for this war could have been prevented and was not necessary. The New England Colonist could have negotiated with the Native Americans and worked something out with the land instead of, â€Å"forcing them into Christianity† (Watras 2008), and forcing the Native Americans out. Since no negotiation was used this resulted in many deaths and loss of land. The King Williams war took place between 1689 – 1687. This war lasted for several years and was fought between the English Colonies and France. The war is also known as the War of the Grand Alliance. The purpose of this war was not necessary as many lives were lost. If the treaty was signed in the beginning the loss of lives could have been avoided. After the end of this nine year war, a treaty was signed. This treaty was known as the Treaty of Ryswick. â€Å"This treaty lasted for five years and led to another war known as the Queen Anne’s War† (Miquelon

Assessing the past performance of a security or asset Research Paper

Assessing the past performance of a security or asset - Research Paper Example Secondly, asset turnover is an important reflection of the sales against assets relationship which can be used to demonstrate performance. The other ROE tool is the financial leverage function that highlights the measure of assets against shareholders’ equity. ROE is therefore a fair representation of elements of the balance sheet as well as the income statement since the variables uses in these rations are picked from the two performance reports. To obtain ROE, the three ratios are multiplied to demonstrate the summary of the performance. From such an assessment, it is possible for investors to monitor the performance of the investment in which they have an interest on. Alternatively, another important performance indicator usually applied in economics is the return on assets (ROA). Simpler in calculation than ROE, ROA reflects actual performance that every investment unit has over a particular period. One of the two ways to obtain ROA is multiplication of asset turnover with the profit margin which reflects performance with respect to total return element on assets (Higgins 2001, p37). On the other hand, net income against assets gives the same consideration. Apparently, this tool of performance is also a reflection of variables of the balance sheet as well as the income statement which account for performance over a specific period. Further asset turnover analyses through a number of control ratios enables consideration of specific asset types for clearer asset performance. Some of these control ratios include; inventory turnover, fixed asset turnover, collection period, days’ sales in cash and payables period. Liquidity ratios also assist in determination of performance which determines the management’s application of returns in furthering business and investment. In terms of operating capital requires a certain sufficiency level

Project design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project design - Essay Example However, packaging of ice cream on commercial basis was always a problem for mass producers. Initially they used to supply the product in cups but in the early 1900 manufacturers identified a strong need of introducing ice cream carriers which were less costly and more productive. John was too frustrated those days because of the increasing raw material cost. He has been into the ice cream manufacturing industry since last twenty years but now he was facing immense difficulty in meeting up all the business expenses while maintaining good profit margins. His company used to do business in the late 19th century and the early 20th century. They had paper cups, glass jars or even plastic boxes in order to store, transport and sell the product. However, due to the changing business scenario and the advancing technology the prices of ice cream carriers raised beyond expectations and hence the major ice cream manufacturers including John’s ice cream had to plan again the entire busin ess strategy. Developing a new business idea so as to cater the needs of customers is very difficult and risky. Ideas can be generated through various sources but the most common and widely applicable source is brainstorming (Bragg). Paper and plastic carriers were very costly, they were incurring huge wastage and the natural environment was becoming contaminated. Considering this scenario and the declining company profits, John called his managing team including supply chain managers, financers, marketers and the advisors. After two months of intense brainstorming and parameter analysis they finally decided to introduce an entirely new ice cream carrier which was not only cost effective and friendly to the environment but it was also the most feasible, interesting, tasty and edible ice cream carrier ever produced. So now John was out of his initial frustration period he knew his need i.e. an ice cream carrier which could be eaten away along with the ice cream. However, the next sta ge was even more difficult as the team of researchers was still uncertain about the exact ingredients they must use to make the carrier eatable and safe to health. One of the advisors analyzed the cooking books to find a recipe for carriers which could easily hold ice cream for a longer time period without melting it away or soaking its moisture. Hence pastries and creams were thoroughly studied but since both of these were naturally soft materials and could not hold ice cream in the required solid form for a considerable time period therefore they were ultimately rejected. Then John evaluated the effectiveness of ice cream carriers made from flour. These were also rejected because of water absorption. Hence the frustration for not being able to implement the business idea was initiated and now John started to spend some more time in kitchen so as to identify the best possible material which could be used as an ice cream carrier. While introducing a new product or even making an inn ovation in the current product range there is significant value of time. Company has to profoundly move from product details, ideas, development, screening and finally the introduction (Fuller). All of these procedures must be followed in a timely manner. But here the time was running fast and the profits were decreasing even faster. It has now been one year that the entire team was evaluating different ice cream carriers. Some of them proved to be highly absorbent while others were too hard to eat

I Have a Dream Essay Example for Free

I Have a Dream Essay Martin Luther King was a symbolic leader of American blacks who was the youngest man to receive a nobel peace prize. He was a worker for civil rights for people of his race. On August 28, 1963 in Lincoln Memorial, Washington, D. C. , he delivered the informative and persuasive speech, I have a dream. There was enthusiasm in his introduction which indicates victory, for the speech was an expression of his utmost joy for what he said as the ‘greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation’ (King, 1963) from the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, which was the freeing of the American Slaves, issued by Abraham Lincoln. He pointed out the forgotten promise of America to all her citizens, meaning the black and the white with proper and just right, and that he dreams that these proper and just rights be given to all, regardless of the color. He was hopeful in his last words in the speech, which gave the audience the strength they needed at that time. He presented his words as if they were one reach away. And he thanked God Almighty after mentioning different religions, which I believe indicates unity despite each and everyone present there’s diversity. Martin Luther King was undoubtedly a great speaker. He talked slowly but clearly. There was a serious aura and strong emotion in his voice. Although he had limited body language, he was able to get the attention of 250, 000 audiences that day whom he informed, persuaded, and inspired through his eye contact once in a while even though he read his speech. It was obvious in the cheering of the crowd that they were interested and that they were getting something from the speech. He had clear organization of the speech, with a strong introduction, a substantial body where he was able to say what he wanted to happen, and a conclusion that left a hope and will to continue fighting to his audiences. However, in my opinion, I would rather make the speech a little shorter and more direct. King used a lot of descriptive words to further explain what he was trying to say. He also used metaphors to present analogies. Maybe these were helpful, but as for me, I would like to believe that the listeners would’ve understood the speech more if he was concise and simple with his choice of words. References: I Have A Dream by Martin Luther King. Retrieved May 15, 2009, from Youtube Web site: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=PbUtL_0vAJk Martin Luther King Biography. Retrieved May 15, 2009, from Nobelprize. org Web site: http://nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-bio. html

On the Waterfront Essay Example for Free

On the Waterfront Essay Kazan does not only use Terry Malloy by establishing him a hero in On the Waterfront to value individual conscience or moral growth above community loyalty or sense of obligation, but also other characters like Edie and Father Barry. Unlike Terry, who has to gain individual conscience, Edie and Father Barry have never been really closely connected to the community, which allows them individual conscience. Their supporting role of Terry’s moral growth is used by Kazan to praise individual conscience, as it also liberates the waterfront. It should not be mistaken that Kazan does support individual conscience in the deaths of Charley and Dugan who had to die for the possession of a sense of justice. Their deaths were portrayed by Kazan as a type of martyrdom and also had a great impact on Terry, which resulted in his portrayal as a hero. Edie Doyle and Father Barry epitomise individual conscience, which Kazan attributes to how they are outsiders and allows this value to waver as both of them become more involved with actions of disruption and protest against the corrupt union on the waterfront. Father Barry was a â€Å"saint [who] hid in the church† believing that â€Å"time and faith were great healers†. It was Edie’s sense of justice which pushed Father Barry out of his passive role to work for social justice, as she bitingly scorned Father Barry’s inability with a close up used so that viewers can tangibly feel her resentment, when Joey had just been pushed off the roof of the tenement. Father Barry had transformed from being a â€Å"potato eater† (demeaning label of an Irish Catholic simpleton), to risk being â€Å"shipped off to Abyssinia† (a pun perhaps as the abyss is death) to break the mob’s corrupt grip on the waterfront. The attack on the church did not faze Father Barry despite the alarming clatter of baseball bats on the pavement and heads being using like baseballs, when the church was under attack by the union. Father Barry’s individual conscience grew as he firmly believed that â€Å"these people (the community) needed help†. This as well as going â€Å"right down to the wire† for Dugan, acted as a catalyst for Father Barry’s growth in individual conscience, which had made him a hero in his own right as he had to triumph over his own inhibitions and the conservative restrictions of and expectations of his role from the church. Edie unlike Father Barry, had already possessed individual conscience (she had contributed to Father Barry’s growth to provide justice), but she like Father Barry refrained from perpetually seeking an end to the corruption on the waterfront. Father Barry had sought to back Dugan as he talked to the crime commissioners so that they could charge the union of corruption, yet when Dugan died from an apparent ‘accident’ Father Barry shied away from taking an active role, preferring to be passive in his involvement, as seen when Terry came to ask for advice of whether he should go testify against the union where Father Barry in a bitter tone said that Terry’s â€Å"own conscience has got to do the asking†. This may suggest Father Barry’s guilt in pushing Dugan to take action which resulted in his death. Edie also refrained from the active role she had taken to find Joey’s killer and unknowingly fighting against the corrupt union, when she realised she loved Terry. Thus not wanting him to die but to â€Å"come to the country, where there is no Johnny Friendly†, who controlled the union, and threatened his life. She may have been trying to protect Terry but she did not consider the impact on those who work on the waterfront, including her own father, Pop Doyle, who would continue to be exploited by the union, thus perhaps compromising her morals to an extent. Unlike Terry, Father Barry and Edie were not empowered to stop the corruption of the union on the waterfront. It is in Father Barry and Edie’s inability to stop corruption that establishes Terry as the hero through his moral growth to individual conscience. Ultimately it is his triumph over the corrupt union to show that individual conscience is valued over community value, when comparing his moral growth to Father Barry and Edie’s. Kazan allowed the audience to follow Terry’s tumultuous moral growth allowing strong connection to form between the bodies. It was loss of Joey that had begun the transformation process that had reignited his bitterness for purposely losing in a boxing final to fulfil Johnny Friendly’s bet. Terry’s relationship with Edie had also contributed to his growth of moral conscience as an individual, as Terry wanted to protect as he confessed she was â€Å"the first nice thing that has ever happened to me† to Father Barry when he was seeking to know whether he should confess to the crime commission about Joey’s death. Father Barry had also encouraged Terry to be truthful to himself to develop individual conscience, allowing Terry to admit he was being used by Johnny Friendly (â€Å"it’s do it or else† when it comes to a favour from Friendly). Terry would not have been a hero with individual conscience if he had not the support from Edie and Father Barry. Terry had to struggle against community loyalty to achieve individual conscience. Kazan uses this struggle to humanise the character making him heroic. Terry had always been â€Å"one of theirs† or part of the union as he was the â€Å"brother of Charlie the Gent†, he was in a sense also an outsider like Edie and Father Barry from the workers of Hoboken on the docks yet he was driven by self-preservation, which led him to adopt the â€Å"D ‘n D† or Deaf and Dumb creed (not speaking up against anything the union did – keeping silent) from the dock workers, which inextricably created a superficial community loyalty as they shared the view that their â€Å"life was not worth a nickel†. It was Charlie’s death that had led to Terry going against community loyalty, as Charlie was his brother and shared a strong connection with each other. Charlie had looked out for Terry as he had sacrificed himself knowing â€Å"10 to 1 they (Johnny Friendly) won’t believe me†. This portrayed Terry as the tragic hero eliciting the sympathy of the audience who will celebrate as Terry topples Johnny Friendly’s position of power, as he stumbled battle worn after violently grappling with Friendly into the warehouse to take his position as the new spiritual leader of the workers, with trumpets in the soundtrack heralding his triumph. His growth to individual conscience had led to Terry’s redemption of Joey and Charlie’s death. Community loyalty would not have achieved this. Kazan valued individual conscience in Edie and Father Barry, but through them has shown that though it may motivate them to defeat corruption they may not be empowered to take action. It is through Terry that Kazan strongly values individual conscience by establishing him as an enduring hero, who had to undergo transformation and go against community loyalty, but also needed support to uproot Johnny Friendly and his corruption.

Development Of Psychological Thought In The Philippines

Development Of Psychological Thought In The Philippines If people lived in total isolation from other people, there would be no reason to study the effect that other people have on the behavior of individuals and groups. But human beings are social creatures. We live with others, work and play with others. We as Filipinos are full of extraordinary but amusing traits and attitudes. Filipinos love interaction and relationship within the society that is why we and the society are one. It is important because it is about us, the Filipinos. The way we influence, think and influence others. Secondly, it can help in educating and providing awareness in understanding the nature of people and experience. Thirdly, problems that we are facing nowadays such as societal problems, can be solved purely but this requires shift in human behavior. Lastly, it is important because it aims to deconstruct the Filipino minds way of thinking. It will serve as an eye opener for each and every Filipino. We personally expect that through this study we can understand the nature and causes of Filipino social behavior. The objectives of this paper are to know what gave rise to this field particularly its history? What are the concepts of social psychology associated with our daily life and what are its applications in the Filipinos. The scope and limitation of this study is within the context of the Philippines but some concepts were adapted from the West. It started during the 1980s. In the context of Philippine colonial education, Filipinos believe that scientific psychology came from the West. Murray Bartlett, an American established undergraduate psychology courses in the College of Education, University of the Philippines. American textbooks and English language were used as the medium of instruction. The good thing here is that literary writing was in Filipino language that was in dominance. Francis Burton Harrisons policy of attraction was also introduced during this time.  [1]   Early American Psychology in the Philippines and the colonial culture on Philippine Psychology was because of Agustin Alonzo. The Filipino term psicologia was already a part of laymans vocabulary.The works of del Pilar, Jacinto and Pardo de Tavera were rich sources of psychological theories even though they were propagandists and not psychologists. Even Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo mentioned the term Psicologos del verbo Tagalog in his speech. They were not title holders in Psychology but they still have this innate nature. The English language and the American system of Education were the instruments used. During the twenties American psychology teachers were replaced by Filipinos.  [2]   The Philippine objection to uncritical importation of Americans Psychological models challenged some of the Filipinos. The first attempt was done by Sinsiforo Padilla who took over from Alonzos position as a chairman at the University of the Philippines. Nevertheless, it was his colleague Manuel Carreon who took the cudgels for appropriate relevant psychological testing. On 1926 the Philippine Studies in Mental Measurement was published.Some understood part of Carreons message were modified to fit the Philippine context. change-apples-to-bananas  [3]   3 Isidoro Panlasigui identified the new culture of Psychology. The third generation of American brainwashed Filipino psychologists like Panlasigui. Due to this, Panlasigui admires America and it was clearly showed when he wrote about the psychology of the Filipino as he fought for the colonial language to be used. Alfredo V. Lagmay and his colleagues were sent to the United States not to neutralize the department. During that time, the Department of Psychology in the University of the Philippines was part of the College of Education. It was him to transferred it to the College of Liberal Arts. The U.P Department of Psychology was perceived as behavioral orientation form the 50s up to early 70s. His students continued some remarkable and significant studies in the field.  [4]   The History and Lines of Filiations in Philippine Psychological Thought Psychology-Academic This aspect of psychology became part of university curriculum under Francisco Benitez during 1922. It was first taught in the University of the Philippines as a part of the education curriculum. During the year of 1954, Joseph Goertz established the Department of Psychology and used English as the medium of teaching. On the other hand, in the midst of its growth in Manila this discipline was also introduced as a course in the University of St. Louis in Cordillera. It was facilitated by Fr. Evarist Louis a missionary priest.  [5]   Psychology-Academic Philosophy However, Psychology-Academic Philosophy was established first at University of Sto. Tomas by Spaniards and improved by the Jesuits. This aspect was older than the aspect mentioned before. It started and founded in many universities like UST (University of Sto. Tomas) and other Spanish institutions like San Ignacio and San Jose. In such institutions the medical and philosophy courses started. The ideas and written records on that time were seen to be related to Psychology. In a deeper analysis those can contain the way of life before. It includes the language , how the indio perceive the concept of self ,its criticisms and the activities of the ancient civilization. 4Ethnic Psychology The third aspect of Psychology known as Ethnic Psychology. It originates from the Filipinos and through the influence of other countries. It is not only older but also much complicated compared to the previous aspects. It has many strands to be entangled and one of those is the psychology that came from the Filipinos themselves. An indigenous psychology that is owned or influenced by other countries. The language is a cone attributing factor especially those activities that can show the collective experiences of Filipinos.  [6]   Social Psychology The study of Social Psychology is defined as a systematic study of the nature and causes of human social behavior. Primarily, its concern is about human social behavior. It includes a lot of matters regarding the individuals impact on other people, the processes of social interaction and the relationship that exist between individuals in the society. It is not just concerned with the nature of social behavior but also with its causes. It relies on methodologies, findings, experiments and surveys. In asking what the study is all about its 4 main concerns were also considered as a means of knowing it clearly. Basically it is about the impact that one individual has on another, the impact that a group has on its members then vice versa and the impact of a group to another group. In the context of the discipline in a working definition. Psychologists focus their attention in understanding the behavior of individuals within the context of society. It is primarily concerned with the understanding of the how and why individuals behave, think and feel as the way they do. In dealing with behavior we mean feelings and thoughts as well as overt actions. Consequently, it is defined as a scientific study of how a persons behavior, thoughts and feelings are influenced by several factors that can be real or imagined in the form or the presence of others. The field looks at behavior and mental processes including the social world in which we exist, as we are surrounded by other whom we are connected and by whom we are influenced in so many ways. It focuses on influence.  [7]   5An interview from Ms. Leslee Natividad from the Department of Social Sciences, University of the Philippines, Los BaĠos First we have to define first what Social Psychology is soà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Social Psychology is the study of how individuals affect the society and how the society is affecting the individual .If were going to relate Filipino into that on how the Filipino is affected by the society that we have here in the Philippines and maybe in the world in general. Now the world and the Philippine society affect the Filipino individual. As a person, everything that we are experiencing around us. Things that we are seeing, things that we are hearing, things that are affecting each and every moment of our lives that is part of Filipino Social Psychology. All of our behavior is shaped by the kinds of experiences that we have.  [8]   3 Main Areas of Social Psychology Social Influence It is the way in which other people affect our behavior. It is a process through which the presence of others can directly or indirectly influence an individual. These are ways in which other people affect our behaviors through thoughts and actions. How we are raised by certain people to whom we interact can affect our behavior. It varies with Conformity, Compliance and Obedience. Social Cognition It is defined as the ways how people thinks about other people and how they act toward other individuals. It varies because of attitudes which consist of the way a person feels and thinks as well a person behaves. Impression formation is also a part of cognition which is forming the first knowledge or judgment about a person seen for the first time. Attribution is the process of explaining self behavior or others. They use this to make sense of the social world through mental processes.  [9]   6 What was once called the objective world is a sort of Rorschach ink blot, into which each culture, lack system of science and religion, each type of personality, reads a meaning only remotely derived from the shape and color of the blot itself.  [10]   Social Interaction It is a way of knowing the positive and negative aspects of behavior. It is the area of Social Psychology which involves interaction and relationship between people. It includes prejudice which happens when an individual holds an unsupported and negative attitude towards other members of the society. It also varies with discrimination as treating people differently because of prejudice. Liking and loving, aggression were also developed here.  [11]   The liking and loving in our society known as interpersonal attraction is widely observed. Each one of us is attracted to some personalities in our society. It can be influenced and proved by the similarities, position, physical appearance and familiarity of both sexes  [12]  . According to psychologists they have identified three types of aggression. Firstly, is the Person-oriented aggression wherein the main goal is intentionally hurt someone. Secondly, is Pro active aggression when an aggressive behavior is done to achieve some desired outcome like gaining possession of an object. Lastly, is Reactive aggression is the reaction of an individual to an aggressive act.  [13]   In a positive way one of the best examples of pro social behavior is Altruism. It is a helping behavior that is costly to an altruistic person. It is a desire to help even there no 7 possible reward. It is always expected to depend on empathy. Empathy is the ability to share emotions and understand another person.  [14]   The Bases of Filipino Psychology Primarily, Prior knowledge of Psychology was the first basis of Filipinos for it involves important parts of Filipino Social Psychology. The knowledge of psychology Babaylan or Catalonan for the native Filipino people was an important part of Filipino Psychology. The Babaylan was the first Filipino psychologists. Aside from this were the prayers and whispers of various ethnic groups in the Philippines. Those were rich sources and stream of Filipinos prior knowledge of Psychology. We were also used in the psychology of the Filipino literature, even if it was expressed in oral or written way. It includes proverbs, stories and legends. The values and attitudes that Filipinos inherited were significant bases of Psychology. It includes most of Ethnic Psychology.  [15]   Man and his Thoughts The second is the basis of man and his thoughts and it denotes giving importance to man and his or her ideas. This is where Filipino Psychology and Psychology in the Philippines met. Filipino psychology was a part and always been a part of the worlds psychology. This basis has a clear influence of rational psychology that has been developed and improved in the University of Sto. Tomas. This was considered as traditional philosophy rooted in the ideas of Descartes and written works of Aristotle. Psychology is an aspect of Filipino Psychology as an academic discipline in some universities in the Philippines.  [16]   Period of changing mind It was the third basis because it is associated with Filipino personality. There were a lot of bases seen in this period. Particularly, this basis was evident in the written works of some Filipino writers like Pedro Serrano Laktaw and Isabelo delos Reyes. Even before the psychology of language was seen in written outputs produced by Filipinos. It somehow showed the shallow orientation of Filipino in terms of experiences in researching and conducting studies. Filipinos should not dampen their spirits instead they should hope for some improvements. 8Period of giving value to societal problems The time of giving importance to societal problems was the fourth basis because this serves as a witness of the society. Hartendorp is one of the American psychologists who become interested in our Psychology. The theory of Osias in 1940 is about the relation of language to the society and in connection of the knowledge of paralanguage in the actions of the individuals. However, his period is also the time of some Filipino psychologists. In such a way Filipino Psychology have this sure basis and it includes the works of Isidoro Panlasigui, Sinsiforo Padilla and Alfredo Lagmay who all gave importance to the acts and capabilities of an individual.  [17]   Societal problems Problems in the society were the fifth bases because it gave value for improvement and development. Aldaba- Lim is known for giving high value in societal problems. He often encourages Filipino psychologists to listen to the problems of the society. All doubts in his dedication will vanished if a person will examine all his efforts and contribution in some of his researches in Psychology. The period of Activism served as a witness of this basis. Language, culture and Point of view Language, culture and Point of view were the sixth bases because it is the most fundamental of all bases.Filipino language and dialect is very significant because it is a witness in the many studies conducted and translated into foreign language. The field must still use medium, system and ways to guarantee the wide scope of study. Regarding culture there are none or very few Filipinos who still doubt about the language and culture of the Philippines. According to some professors and psychologists there was this acquiescence effect in the can be seen in a scale used and answered by Filipinos. The American perspective was used in analyzing this. It must be done primarily in a Filipino oriented point of view.  [18]   9 The Concept of Language The concept of local language as a source of concept for Filipinos is a helpful tool because it gives a clear connection to their culture. Language is not just one effective way of communication but also a rich source of information. It is an affluent basis for the better understanding and orientation of culture. It is suggested to formulate a certain Filipino concept from the broader and wider scope it has. Language is the primary source in the study of Social Psychology of Filipinos. The native language is a rich source of concepts meaningful for and significant to the local culture. As a source of insight, some concepts were proven to be important in understanding the Filipino personality, worldview and behavior. Some of those were the concepts of hiya(shame), utang na loob(debt of gratitude) , pakikisama(yielding to the will of the leader or the majority, bahala na (fatalism) and amor propio (sensitivity to personal affront) which even some American psychologists attempted to study those. It still preferable to use the language as a main resource.  [19]   The Concept of Kapwa The concept of kapwa in Filipinos is an important aspect of Filipino social life. Kapwa is reflected because interaction among other individuals especially in the Philippines is an essential aspect of social life. Language reveals a lot about Filipino nature. For this reason, social interaction should be an evocative core of analysis in the process of classifying the concept of kapwa. The Filipino language in this notch, gives a conceptual division in several levels and modes of social interaction. Santiago and Enriquez identified eight in Filipino. 100The Levels of Interaction Interaction of Filipinos were categorized into levels namely pakikitungo (transaction/civility with), pakikisalamuha (inter-action with), pakikilahok (joining/participating), pakikibagay (in- conformity with/ in- accord with), pakikisama (being along with), pakikipagpalagayan/pakikipagmalagayang-loob (being in rapport), pakikisangkot (getting involved) and pakikiisa (being one with).  [20]   The concept of Kapwa as a shared inner self turns out to be very essential psychologically and philosophically speaking. While pagtutunguhan (dealing with/acting toward) is another term which can be used to refer to all levels of interaction. Besides, pagtutunguhan also connotes the most superficial level of interaction: the level of amenities while pakikipagkapwa refers to humanness at its highest level  [21]   On the other hand aside from the concept of kapwa According to Russell, In 1922 there were several explanations in essay forms about the high Filipino Self Concept. One of the most ordinary is it being the character of race as Filipinos got from the Malays. In 1965 Fox said that this is a trait of Filipino culture that is paid to be in the social context because of its fortitude to produce close family ties. .  [22]   The Concept of Human Interaction The concept of Human Interaction includes the distinction between (Pakikisama or Pakikipagkapwa?) It is an essential part because it is very consistent in Filipinos. Aside from the good sides of interaction, previous work on Philippine values pointed our three evil characters in Philippine interpersonal relations. These are the walang pakisama (one inept at the level of adjustment); the walang hiya, (one who lacks a sense of propriety and the walang utang na loob, (one who lacks adeptness in reciprocating by way of gratitude. 110 11 In a deeper analysis some studies were conducted, It was argued that pakikipagkapwa is more important for Filipinos. In the Philippines we usually gave more importance to pakikipagkapwa than pakikisama. We probably want a person without pakikisama than a person without kapwa tao. Pakikipagkapwa is really important.It includes all the other mentioned modes and levels of interaction. In fact pakikisalamuha is even closer than pakikisama in meaning to pakikipagkapwa.  [23]   Application of Filipino Social Psychology Filipino Culture The Social, Cultural and Ideational dimensions are diverse into aspects which were exhibited by Filipinos. The study of the customs and beliefs of Filipinos serves as a function of social and economic dimension of Filipino culture. The Philippine culture is such very rich. It was very evident in the following ways. In courtship and marriage most of the Filipinos regard this as a process of love as a parental affair. The marriage is the family affair which is measured as a success based on the number of children. Filipinos also believe in Babaylans and Catalonan which were said to posses supernatural powers to supplicate God. They were also fond of charms and they believe that when they perform their rites particularly on the Good Friday they will gain magical powers like anting-anting, lucky cards, stones and other stuffs. As a part of their social life they celebrate feasts to commemorate important events like Fiestas, Holy Week, New Year, Christmas and etc. It really played an ess ential role in the economic security and social solidarity of Filipinos. They are also known for their superstitious beliefs which are greatly connected to their rituals and ceremonies. In connection to supernatural beings they follow these beliefs to avoid bad luck. It was seen in birth, illness and death which control the psyche of Filipinos. In religion when Christianity was introduced by Spaniards, it became a driving force to the life of the Filipinos. They were also thoughtful especially when someone is sick and in need. They are afraid of what other people might say. Some of their practices include giving dowry, carrying of guns, choice of padrino and carrying bow and arrows, sibat and kris. During the time of our ethnic groups laws were also made with regards to property ownership an settling arguments.  [24]   12 Filipino Family The study of Filipino Family is valuable because they value family relationship. They have this behavior of close family ties. In an article written by Carlos P. Romulo entitled What Filipinos have Done and are Doing to the Family, The family will remain and prevail in spite of world cynicism and anxiety. The tradition must be preserved even in these modern times. He pointed out that this is one of the many serious challenges our society must face today. The people must also focus on improving and giving concern with our family life. It deserves the same amount of concern just like other sciences. The study of Phenomenology of the Filipino Family states that In Philippine society, the family is the dominating influence with its value of socio-economic security. This value leads to an individualistic attitude towards ones family which is manifested in doubt of hope, lack of commitment or lack of social awareness. The Future of Philippine Culture The future of Philippine culture is still questionable. The Philippine culture is still standing despite some changes imposed and caused by colonizers. Is there a Filipino Psychology? Due to reason of great confusion of racial heritages, Filipino nation is full of differences and intertwined particular observances, creeds and traditions dominant in native groups. The making of a credible treatise on Filipino Psychology will require lots of analytic research. Any scholar who will try must sort out individual as well as social traits. Particularly, the native, dominantly native but colored by foreign influences and dominantly foreign adapted traits. It is not yet finished because the source and influence must be differentiated.  [25]   13Marginalization of Filipino Identity The hiding and denigrating of Filipino identity and values was sarcastically introduced by thanking Gov. Claveria who was the one who imposed in giving Filipinos surnames. In such a way the personality of Filipino was concealed in his very name. Felipe de Leon examined the way Filipino names describe the people and how names can hide Filipino identity. The disparagement of Filipino personality is continued and taught in schools reinforced by media. Remember the legend of Juan Tamad, the concept of Filipino time, Manna habit, to talangka /crab mentality and even innate criminality and distortion of Filipino squatters, barkadas, stupid yayas, maids and drivers. The Americans assumed that Filipinos were ethically mediocre and they should be educated in an American way because of their indolence.  [26]   Marginalization of Filipino Literature Marginalization of Filipino Literature was realized because of the concept that Filipinos did not have a body of literature which is not true. Filipinos might really be fortunate if they can escape the disparaging remark that Filipinos do not have an indigenous body of literature. The mere fact is that Filipinos have it. Similarly, they have written literature and unwritten oral tradition. Filipinos also enjoy not published outputs, but no less real and valid. A sense of psychological tradition apart from a published psychological literature. 14Marginalization of Filipino Theatre and Film Marginalization of Filipino Theatre and Film is done by being refused as the world second big producer of film. The success of Filipino cinema and its influence on Philippine life and culture are grossly underestimated. The colonial responsiveness of the elite refuses to recognize the Philippines as the worlds second big producer of films. They cannot detain how a Tagalog movie can hold its own even against the most known popular grossed movies from Hollywood. They tremble in disbelief when confronted with the box office record of the original and authentic Rambo in person of Fernando Poe Jr.  [27]   The generalization goes like this. We as Filipinos are thus faced with the questions about the mystery of our identity but through the study of Filipino Social Psychology we can unravel those. The study as a summary proves one thing and only one thing and that is the fact that even before, Filipinos have a rich culture and tradition. We have own knowledge and system but during the time of the colonizers they blot out all the memories of our cherished identity. Nowadays, the Filipino concepts of Language, Kapwa and Human Interaction can be used as a means to improve better human relationship. The Application of Filipino Social Psychology is truly a reflection of what we are right now as Filipinos. It can be seen in the Social, Ideal and Cultural dimensions that we Filipinos are actually creating and improving from our history up to the contemporary period. The Filipino identity is marginalized but as long as we have this study to guide us it will 15 always make a point about Filipinos way of life that will lineate our past to our present and even to our future. This study can be a means in forging development. Development is not just concerned about progress. The logic must be it is about the Filipino people and for the Filipino people. Through, the help of this study we will become aware of the nature and causes of our attitude and behavior. The problems that our country is currently facing can be solved purely by different ways but it requires shift in human behavior. Therefore, we must inculcate positive Filipino traits and values perhaps change the negative ones. In the end, it is not only us who will outlive the legacy of Filipino Social Psychology but even our children of tomorrow. Changes may occur but it will always remind us of who, what, when and where we are today as Filipinos.

The Hobbit by JRR Tolkein Essay -- essays research papers

THE HOBBIT BY J.R.R. TOLKIEN The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien is a story of adventure and danger, and it is a prime example of a romantic plot and fantasy genre. What makes this story such a great example of a romantic plot? One, the unlikely hero, Mr. Bilbo Baggins is a hobbit that is dragged on an adventure he doesn’t wish to take. Second, there is a great quest with a reward at its end. Third the great teacher figure, Gandalf is a wizard that helps Bilbo to become the great hero he is destined to be. And lastly the dragon figure, in this story the dragon figure, happened to be a dragon but there are also many miniature dragon figures through out the tale. The story begins with our soon to be hero Bilbo Baggins he’s smoking his pipe and is quite proud of the smoke rings he is managing to make. As Bilbo smokes his pipe, Gandalf stops by to have a talk with Bilbo. He informs Bilbo that he is looking for someone to go on an adventure with him. Although Bilbo is tempted to accept the offer, he declines. Before Gandalf leaves Bilbo decides to invite him for tea the next morning. Dwarves show up at his door instead, one at a time, inviting themselves in until there’s thirteen in all. Bilbo isn’t quite sure of what to make of this, but Gandalf shows up and soon it becomes apparent to Bilbo that he has been chosen by Gandalf to be the thief in an adventure to retrieve some stolen dwarf gold from a dragon named Smaug. He was a very weak character at the start of this adventur...

How Romance Is Celebrated In Literature :: essays research papers

The course of time has opened many doors in terms of romance. The present age not only consists many different forms in which love can be expressed, but exhibits the essence of romance that dates back to the dawn of time. Love has existed in many forms throughout time. There is no better example than in William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. In this tale, when love is most apparent, the most crucial events occur to develop this "tragedy." Firstly, the lustful romance of Mercutio and Benvolio, Romeo’s comrades have never been in true love, their ideas of love is based merely on physical attributes, whereas ‘love is skin deep’.Mercutio, in contrast with Romeo knows not of true love, as "He jests at scars that never felt a wound." (II.ii.1) His idea of love is when he tries to "conjure" Romeo to respond. His childish, immature attitude towards love is expressed when he describes Rosaline’s features:"Her high forehead" and "quivering thigh"(II.ii.18-19). This lustful idea of romance is only emphasised when he describes Rosaline as "An open-arse and thou a poperin pear!"Rosaline, Romeo’s initial unrequited love seemed irrelevant once Romeo had set his eyes upon Juliet. This may portray a side of Romeo, which shows that as easily as he falls ‘in’ love, he can fall ‘out’ of love. However, Romeo and Juliet’s love was pure and ideal, and because of their forbidden love, it leads them to their graves. Upon seeing Juliet all alone, talking in soliloquy, Romeo proclaims, "It is the east, and Juliet is the Sun," this metaphor enhances Juliet’s beauty as it is exaggerated and pronounced as the beauty of the sun. The forbidden love of Romeo and Juliet is spawned from the feud between the two households; Capulet and Montague and throughout Juliet’s ‘supposed’ soliloquy, she ponders over the prospect of the two families’ names: "What’s in a n ame?" (II.ii.43)Upon hearing this, Romeo, who reciprocates the romance, replies belligerently "Had I it written, I would tear the word." (II.ii.57)Convinced that their love was pure, Juliet has been sold, in an unconventional act for a woman in those times, she takes the initiative and plans their future together;"If that thy bent of love be honourable,Thy purpose of marriage" (II.ii.143-144)Leading to the departure of Romeo and Juliet from the balcony scene, Shakespeare has made use of juxtaposition when Juliet sullenly states, "Parting is such sweet sorrow" (II.

J.D. Salingers The Catcher In The Rye Essay -- Salinger Catcher Rye E

J.D. Salinger's The Catcher In The Rye   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The novel The Catcher In The Rye, by J.D. Salinger, contains many complex symbols, many of the symbols in the book are interconnected. A symbol is an object represents an idea that is important to the novel. I believe the most important symbol in this novel is Holden’s idea of being the â€Å"catcher in the rye†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holden Caulfield, the main character in the novel, is not the typical sixteen year old boy. Holden has many characteristics that aren’t typical of anyone that I know. Holden is very afraid of growing up. He feels the adult world is â€Å"phony†, everyone in it, and everything associated with it. Holden never actually states that he is afraid of growing up, or that he hates the idea of it, instead he expresses his resistance to become an adult by making the adult world into a place full of â€Å"phony†, dishonest, and shallow people, and comparing it to the honest, innocent, and fun world a child lives in.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout this book Holden’s main quest is to try and preserve the innocence in both him, and in everyone around him. He knows that adults have already taken the path leading to â€Å"phoniness†, but he tries to save children from this fate that toward the end of the book he sadly realizes is almost completely inevitable. In order to keep the â€Å"phoniness† from infecting the children’s life, and his, he thinks he needs to preserve the innocence of himself and of the children. The biggest example of his need to preserve the innocence in himself and in all the children he meets in the book is his vision of being the catcher in the rye.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Chapter 16 Holden hears a young boy singing a song that’s lyrics were â€Å"if a body catch a body coming through the rye.† Before seeing this boy Holden is walking down the street feeling rather depressed, like he is most of the time due to the fact that he gets depressed quite easily. Once Holden sees this boy he automatically cheers up. One reason for this is most likely because this young boy is walking on the side of the street instead of the sidewalk with his parents, which most other people would choose. This shows that this boy still has the innocence and does not feel the need to conform to everyone else yet as many adults do. I believe he also liked this boy because he says, â€Å"his parents paid no attention to him.† This displays the fact that the boy has a f... ...s going. Holden thinks it’s amazing that Phoebe is still seeing the same things he used to see all the time, every time he stepped foot into that museum he would always feel the same thing. No one feels comfortable with change, for the better or for the worse, but Holden especially isn’t. Holden says, â€Å"Certain things, they should stay the way they are. You ought to be able to stick them in one of those big glass cases.† He knows that this is impossible, but he wishes just the same. He wishes he could think of everything the way he thinks of Allie, his dead brother, completely innocent. Allie died when he was young and therefore never had to go through the transition into adulthood. He wishes that Jane could be stuck into a glass case, not die, but get stuck in a big glass case where she would still always keep her kings in the back row. Holden Caulfield wishes so much to be the â€Å"catcher in the rye†. This symbol in the book reveals many things about him and his thoughts. After this symbol and his talk about the lawyers we learn that his whole ideals he expresses before this in the book are totally superficial. This symbol is the most meaningful and complex symbol in the novel.

How hard is hardware disease

As a husbandman is walking through his field one forenoon, he spots a small spot of rusty woven wire that has been knocked from the fencing. He keeps walking by and does non believe anything else of the woven wire piece. Why would he? It ‘s merely a small piece of metal right, no harm will be done ; he can ever pick it back up the following clip he comes through? Wrong, metal, of any sort that has been left out in the field with farm animal is a danger to the animate being every bit good as the husbandman. This is because the animate being could perchance devour the metal and contract what many carnal scientists know as hardware disease. Hardware disease can strike any ruminant at any clip after the metal is consumed. If the metal is in the right topographic point at the incorrect clip the husbandman loses his farm animal. The proprietor needs to be cognizant of the definition, marks, intervention and bar of hardware disease for their animate beings. Some inquiries that a husba ndman may hold when raising cowss and worrying about hardware disease can be how will this impact the cowss that are raised? Will the animate being ‘s public presentation go down? How dearly-won is this disease? How fast can the carnal be affected by the disease? Is it treatable? How can the husbandman prevent hardware disease? Does the disease affect cowss that are a certain age, or does it count? When it comes to hardware disease many persons are non truly certain what it is. Hardware disease in layperson ‘s footings can be classified as a disease where the animate being ingests a metal object into their Reticulum. Once the metal gets into the Reticulum, it becomes difficult to free and will frequently clip remain at that place in the cow until it dies of natural causes. Sometimes though, the bovine that ingests metal will hold a serious job really fast. The animate being, if the hardware does acquire lodged into the Reticulum has a opportunity in puncturing the Reticulum. If this does go on of class the animate being will hold some kind of infection Oklahoman or subsequently. The animate being could besides decease, rapidly. Harmonizing to the University of Missouri frequently times hardware disease is caused by any signifier of a crisp object that makes its manner through the tummy wall and finds its manner to the bosom ( UoM 1993 ) . Once the cowss ingest the foreign object, normally something like a nail or a little piece of wire that is left after a fencing occupation, it may happen its manner to the bosom therefore killing the animate being in a painful mode ( UoM 1993 ) . More frequently than non you can normally happen the object in the chamber of the tummy known as the Reticulum ( UoM 1993 ) . The Reticulum is the portion of the cow ‘s tummy that is like a baseball baseball mitt it catches all of the foreign stuff that should non travel through a cow ‘s enteric system but allows feed to go through through ( UoM 1993 ) . Once the cow moves or does something to do any type of musculus contraction the foreign object may be forced through the wall which may do incursion to the stop and or bosom pouch ( UoM 1993 ) . Hardware disease is the common name for traumatic gastritis and traumatic reticulates. Cattles that have traumatic gastritis are classified into three groups, sub-acute local, chronic and acute diffuse type. As of right now there are two types of intervention for traumatic gastritis conservative and rumenotomy. A cow that has acute diffuse peritoneal inflammation has a really high opportunity of being fatal, but if it is treated with antibiotics through an intra-peritoneal injection may hold a little opportunity of recovery ( Yoshida 1984 ) . Traumatic reticulates is normally found in older cowss where a piece of foreign object penetrates the wall of the Reticulum during the remastication procedure ( Traumatic Reticulitis 2007 ) . Following infections spread along the object to countries around the venters, bring forthing abscess and adhesions, in some instances the object will travel through the thorax leting for there to be abscess in the thorax, and during terrible instances the i nfection goes to the exterior of the bosom. ( Traumatic Reticulitis 2007 ) But some still refer to its scientific name of Traumatic reticuloperitionitis, and is really non a disease at all. Harmonizing to Oregon State, and West Virginia University, Hardware disease is a mechanical hurt to the Reticulum that is caused when a bovine ingest crisp metal objects such as nails, prison guards, and little pieces of wire ( OSU 2009, WVU ) . Basically, the animate being will consume the metal out in a field or in a hay bale. For hardware disease to take impact the animate being has to consume the metal. Although, the animate being can consume crisp fictile objects every bit good as crisp stones or other objects and hardware disease will be the consequence. Basically, anything that is difficult, crisp and pointy could perforate through the animate being and cause hardware disease. The Merck Veterinary Manual explains it like this, when cowss ingest spots of foreign objects in the signifier of nail, wire, plastic, or anything else that can puncture a hole in the side o f the Reticulum. The objects move into the Reticulum or are able to steal yesteryear and move into the first stomachs. They are so pushed over the ruminoreticular crease by contractions. The objects end up in the reticulo-omasal opening is where the foreign object tends to incorporate heavier objects located in the Reticulum, while form object frequently get stuck in the honeycomb-like reticulas mucous membrane traps ( Merck Veterinary Manual 2008 ) . The University of Missouri extended services states that 55 to 75 per centum of cowss slaughtered in the eastern portion of the United States were found to hold hardware in their system. ( UoM 1993 ) It is a admiration that non all cowss have a job with hardware disease. This merely concludes that hardware may be in the system of the cowss but non bring forth any harm to the digestive piece of land. This is no ground for the husbandman non to clean up his Fieldss. There is ever a opportunity that the cowss will non hold a job, but so once more there is ever a opportunity that there will. No 1 should take the opportunity like that with their animate beings. For the cow, when it ingests a foreign object the actions that the tummy takes may coerce the object through the Reticulum wall ( Thomas 1998 ) . The danger of this is that one time the foreign object such as a nail, piece of wire or even a form stone makes its manner through the wall it has a high opportunity of puncturing a critical organ ( Thomas 1998 ) . When it comes to seeing marks of hardware disease it depends on the topographic point that the object penetrates. During the early phases of hardware disease, during the first twenty-four hours the Reticulum has been penetrated, the symptoms may be confused as sings of dyspepsia and in a grain provender carnal ague saccharide overload ( Thomas 1998 ) . Any animate being that goes through dyspepsia is unwilling to eat or make much of anything, irrespective of the cause. A few of the most common marks that you will see are the animate being will be in a hurting and besides the animate being will non hold an appetency ( UA ) . The animate being will besides stand with an arched dorsum or be unwilling to walk ( WVUE ) . All in all, the animate being will be in uncomfortableness. Besides, when the cow may be forced to walk you can frequently hear it doing a grunting sound. This is because the animate being is in hurting. If the object somehow penetrates around the bosom and happens to migrate forward that it will do an infection that is most frequently fatal. The infection will happen merely if the animate being does non decease instantly. The University of Missouri explains, the redness will annoy the pneumogastric nervus, the pneumogastric nervus controls the first stomachs contractions and the pneumogastric disturbs this action. When the pneumogastric nervus is irritated the consequence is bloat, these symptoms may lessen and even disappear within on e to seven yearss, but may reoccur shortly afterwards. ( UoM 1993 ) . Another mark that may be present in the cow is when you look at the jugular channel you are able to see the vena ( WVUE ) . When seeking to calculate out whether or non it is really hardware disease, the diagnosing is made on observations of any of the clinical marks above. There is non a 100 per centum guaranteed that it is hardware because there are so many other diseases that are present with the same marks. All in all a withers trial can be done by squashing the anchor of the cow merely above the withers to see if the carnal oinks. This shows that the hurting is located in that front half of the cow ( WVUE ) . In cowss, â€Å" if peritoneal inflammation is terrible, the animate being may decease within a twosome of yearss † ( Thomas 1998 ) . If the cow has chronic peritoneal inflammation than it you may non see the symptoms for months but the animate being will be in changeless uncomfortableness ( Thomas 1998 ) . Therefore, if hardware disease is happening the animate being in inquiry may merely non be making so good but hardware disease is a an error because it is non seeable, which should be followed by an scrutiny by an veterinarian ( Thomas 1998 ) . It is much easier to forestall any kind of disease instead than handling it or seeking to bring around it. It is besides non merely easy but cheaper in the long tally to forestall the diseases. The easiest manner to forestall hardware disease is make certain that you pick up each and every piece of metal that is out in the field, that includes every nail that you drop while nailing up boards, every piece of barb-wire that you cut off, every bit good as the little nuts and bolts that everybody tends to drop. The figure one bar method revolves around the direction of the eating and croping countries to avoid the consumption of foreign objects. If grazing lands are managed right for feeding and graze, the husbandman should ne'er hold to worry about their carnal acquiring hardware disease. There is plentifulness of information available on the cyberspace and in veterinary offices. There is besides adequate information available from the local extension office every bit good as several bo oks to forestall about any curable or treatable disease. Companies are besides assisting out with the job of hardware disease by seting magnets in provender Millss and eatage harvest home equipment, although these are non 100 per centum they help. Metal is non the lone object that the cowss will consume, they will on occasion consume fictile point therefore a magnet will non because it will non be able to maintain the point in one topographic point ( WVUE ) . As everybody knows we can non alter the eating wonts of cowss, so accordingly we have to happen other methods of maintain the metal fro harming the farm animal. One method that works is to infix a magnet in to the cow at an early age, the metal that is eaten will more than probably happen its manner to the magnet and halt there and travel no farther. The magnet is merely able to make so much so if the cow is demoing marks of hardware disease so it would be necessary to infix another magnet. The magnets are reasonably inexpensiv e and will assist out in the long tally. They merely cost about two to five dollars and if you are able to acquire them back from the slaughter house they are even cheaper. Magnets are a batch less in expensive than the cost of surgery ( WVUE ) . With any disease, the bar of the certain disease is a batch cheaper than the cost of surgery or intervention. The easiest thing to make for any husbandman is to maintain all metal out of the field and out of range at all times. Cattle should besides be kept off from any building site because they are able to pick up any loose stuff that finds its manner into the field and besides they might seek to acquire to things that are on the other side of the fencing when they are running out of eatages in the field that they are in. Any loose stuff that is in or around a field that can do jobs for farm animal should be picked up to forestall any kind of hardware disease job. There have been several documented instances in the universe for cowss that have had jobs with hardware disease. In 1999 Rancher Janie Easterbrook claims that the contact that her cowss had with a lodging development caused them to acquire hardware disease. She told the newsman that spots of metal can remain in the tummy for a long clip before they do any harm. Hardware disease can strike at any clip and all it takes is emphasis or anything that causes the tummy to contract. In the cowss happenings such as, gestation will travel the metal object through the wall, along with tummy contractions and external respiration. The cow could be traveling the right manner at the incorrect clip to do the metal in the Reticulum to be a job. The necropsy studies on her last three cattles, listed the cause of decease to be hardware disease. Easterbrook stated that since she had been raising cowss in 1993 she had ne'er lost a cow to hardware disease ( Buckly ) . Let ‘s take for case that cow an grownup cow cost around 1500 dollars and a calf cost around 600 dollars. In a herd of 100 cattles and 50 calves if you lose 6 cattles and 3 calves so you are losing over 10 thousand dollars due to a disease that is non truly a disease. In any instance, even if merely one cow in your herd of 100 dies, that is still one cow excessively many. It is about absurd at the proprietor ‘s ignorance if the carnal gets hardware disease. There is excessively much information available online and in any carnal related office non to be cognizant of th is disease. Once the proprietor is cognizant of the disease, it is improbably easy to forestall it. If you are non able to forestall your cowss from acquiring hardware disease so the following best thing is intervention. The best thing for you to make in fixing you cattle for hardware disease is to believe as if your cow has hardware disease. This means puting a magnet in the cowss ‘s bow tummy. ( WVUE ) Besides harmonizing to the University of Missouri, another intervention is to put the front pess of the cow on a platform someplace about 6 to 8 inches off the land as this may halt the foreign object from traveling frontward ( UoM 1993 ) This method of intervention takes approximately 10 to 20 yearss, besides the husbandman should administrate antibiotics to will maintain the spread of infection down ( UoM 1993 ) . There is a 20 to 30 percent addition of recovery when you are able to catch hardware disease early ; unlike if you let it travel untreated there is an 80 – 90 per centum opportunity of decease. ( MVM 2008 ) Another intervention is surgery called rumenotomy which means that you have to manually take to object or objects, besides the physician needs to look for abscess on the Reticulum so that they can be opened up and drained back into the Reticulum ( MVM 2008 ) . If the bovine does hold this process done, at least some signifier of antibiotics need to be administered ( MVM 2008 ) . The veterinary intervention for hardware disease includes the usage of an anti-bacterial to command the redness of the peritoneal inflammation and besides a magnet is given to halt it from go oning once more ( MVM 2008 ) . Like many husbandmans may cognize, Penicillin is a really effectual antibiotic. It is inexpensive and easy to administrate and can be really effectual against hardware disease. Cows that are affected, like any animate being that has a disease or enfeebling upset should be placed off from the remainder of the herd for at least 1 to 2 hebdomads ( MVM 2008 ) . The cow needs to be kept comfy every bit much as possible and by all agencies, dem ands to hold the hazard of deeper incursion cut down. When handling for hardware disease, the usage of unwritten or Four fluids should be administered whenever they are needed to maintain the carnal healthy during this clip ( MVM 2008 ) . The IV fluids will maintain the cow from acquiring dehydrated, besides if the animate being is unable to eat during this clip and unable to ruminate, the IV fluids will be of aid. With IV fluids, about anything can be placed in them, like electrolytes and other beginnings of foods to maintain the carnal alive. In some cases, the cow may profit from first stomachs vaccination ( MVM 2008 ) . This is good because first stomachs vaccination can help with the loss of normal vegetations and ruminal stasis in the intestine ( MVM 2008 ) . With cowss that have more of a terrible instance of hardware disease, instances that will be you more in the long tally if you try to handle them necessitate to be looked at through an economic point of view, if the cow h as no value so they should be sent off to butcher if they are able to go through the review that a batch of slaughter houses have ( MVM 2008 ) . The proprietor must retrieve if a bovine of all time gets into this muss, that it is wholly 100 % preventable. Picking up wire and other metal pieces will extinguish the hazard of the cowss acquiring this disease in your herd. If any cow in your herd were to acquire hardware disease the proprietor must cognize the forecast for the animate being if they opt to handle them. Any proprietor who has an animate being that is sick in any manner needs to cognize the hazards of the intervention and of the complaint it has. For any disease the definition of forecast is the idea of what the result might be in the terminal ( UoM 1993 ) . Hardware disease, for the animate being ‘s forecast, it differs from each animate being as no 2 are every truly the same ( UoM 1993 ) . The proprietor and veterinarian, when make up one's minding to handle an animate being with hardware disease ; needs to find how long the status has been present so that they can do a proper intervention program ( UoM 1993 ) . Like any animate being, the badness of the disease will change among the person. A good, accurate veterinary will see everything before doing the concluding determination ( UoM 1993 ) . A veterinarian or an proprietor that merely goes in handling the cow without doing an accurate diagnosing will more frequently than non run up a good sized vet measure and could do the animate being more jobs. By and large, when handling hardware disease, the forecast for the animate being is pretty decent. The major point of this disease that keeps being repeated is that hardware disease is wholly preventable. More frequently than non, the proprietor is wholly incognizant that the animate being could contract hardware disease. A field that looks all nice and green without weeds and is clean will be thought to be less likely to do such a disease. When proprietors and other people think of hardware disease and how it is caused, many can visualize a field that is cluttered with metal and any type of debris available on the land to be picked up. Even though a field does non hold metal cluttered all over does non intend that there is some at that place. William claude dukenfields need to be check exhaustively before seting cowss in the field, or any animate being for that affair. If the husbandman does look into the Fieldss before the farm animal are put in at that place, so more frequently than non, the farm animal will populate and bring forth for many old ages to come. Another thing any manufacturer needs to be cognizant of is all the informational benefits they have. A husbandman can travel on-line anyplace in the state and happen information on hardware disease, every bit good as other diseases. If the husbandman is unable to acquire on-line to seek these diseases, the local veterinary and extension agent should hold more than adequate information on the disease. If all else fails, the manufacturer can happen information in books and diaries and magazines. With a small cleanliness in the Fieldss and around the feeding countries cowss should hold a smaller opportunity of acquiring hardware disease. So the following clip you are sauntering through a field and see a little piece of metal, no affair how little it is, retrieve, you could salvage your farm animal ‘s life and salvage you several 100s, if non 1000s of dollars in veterinary measures.Plants CitedBarringer, Sam. Hardware Disease [ Internet ] . [ Cited 2009 Nov 12 ] Available from: hypertext transfer p rotocol: //www.caf.wvu.edu/~forage/hwaredis/hwaredis.htmuckly, Thomas. Hardware Disease is ranking rural Ranchers [ Internet ] . [ Updated 1999 Sep 9 ; Cited 2009 Nov 12 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.press-enterprise.com/newsarchive/1999/09/25/938237021.htmlGadberry Shane, Jeremy Powell. Nutritional Disorder in Beef Cattle [ Internet ] . University of Arkansas [ Cited 2009 Nov 11 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/PDF/FSA-3071.pdfMerck Veterinary Manual [ Internet ] . Merck & A ; Co inc. [ Updated 2008 ; Cited 2009 Nov 8 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp? cfile=htm/bc/21706.htmMoseley, Bonnard L. Hardware Disease of Cattle [ Internet ] . University of Missouri [ Updated 1993 ; Cited 2009 Nov 12 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //extension.missouri.edu/publications/DisplayPub.aspx? P=G7700Thomas, Heather Smith. Hardware in Cattle [ Inter net ] Oliver Del Signore [ Updated 1998 ; Cited 2009 Nov 17 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.countrysidemag.com/issues/93/93-6/hardware_in_cattle.htmlTorell Ron, David Thian. Back to Basicss: Hardware Disease [ Internet ] . Oregon State University Extension Service [ Updated 2009 Oct ; Cited 2009 Nov 9 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //extension.oregonstate.edu/malheur/sites/default/files/LS_October09.pdfTraumatic Reticulates [ Internet ] . National Animal disease information service [ Updated 2007 ; Cited 2009 Nov 9 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thecattlesite.com/diseaseinfo/241/traumatic-reticulitis-wireYoshida Yasuyuki. Total and differential leucocyte counts of Traumatic Gastritis Classified under three types in Dairy Cows [ Internet ] . [ Updated 1986 Sep 10 ; Cited 2009 Nov 7 ] . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //rms1.agsearch.agropedia.affrc.go.jp/contents/JASI/pdf/society/38-2608.pdf

Positive Reinforcement

Brittney Tutton Southwestern Illinois College Abstract This study is based on the effect of positive reinforcement on exercising more regularly. I wanted to try and exercise at least 30min – 1 hr everyday within one weeks period of time. In trying to do so I used positive reinforcement to increase to time I used to exercise more each day. I studied myself for this case and I am a 21 year old female who attends Southwestern Illinois College. Over a seven day baseline period I noted that I never exercised at all, unless you count the time token to walk to y car and or from one class to the next.Over the seven day treatment period I exercised more being that I couldn't watch TV unless I completed at least 30mins of exercise. So if I wanted to watch an hour of TV I had to exercise at least 30mins and this was very successful for me. The use of positive reinforcement in this study was easiest for me and worked to help me exercise more. In the future when applying behavior modificat ion to help me exercise more I may try something different to help me increase the timed used to exercise daily.Instead of using a privilege as a reward I can switch it up and use something I really want, such as a new pair of shoes as a positive reinforcement to continue to get me to exercise more regularly each day. Keywords: positive reinforcement, baseline period, treatment period, behavior modification For my behavior modification project, I wanted to increase how much I exercised. My goal was to exercise at least 5 days a week for at least 30mins a day. The reason I chose exercising for this project is because I believe it's something I needed to do ore of to stay healthy and fit.The reasons I think I have trouble exercising regularly is 1) I am so busy with school and school work, I made myself believe I didn't have time to. 2) I procrastinate a lot and would always put it off for later and end up never doing it at all. I plan on using positive reinforcement to increase how m uch I exercise daily. My short term goal is to exercise at least 5days a week for at least 30mins long. My long term goal is to increase the time spent exercising each day from 30mins to 1 hour long and to start eating healthier as well. MethodsMy operational definition for my target behavior is exercising more, to exercise at least 30mins a day. Positive Reinforcement will be my treatment. Whenever I want to watch television I have to complete 30mins of exercise. I will use positive reinforcement by rewarding myself 1 hr of television if I exercise for 30mins. Procedurel For 2weeks I collected data for this study. For 7 days I collected data before I used behavior modification to change my non exercising habit. For another 7 days I collected data in the treatment phase where I started using positive reinforcement henever I exercised.Baseline phase. During the 7 day baseline phase I recorded how much I did or didn't exercise each day. I did not reward myself for exercising and I did n't punish myselt tor not exercising at all. I wrote down and kept track in my notebook how much I did or didn't exercise each day. Treatment phase. During the 7 day treatment phase, I rewarded myself 1 hour of television if I exercised for at least 30mins. Results During the baseline phase I spent zero minutes exercising a day. I did not exercise at all. During the treatment phase I exercised an average of 45min a day.I met my goal of exercising more regularly at a minimum of at least 30mins a day. Summary During the treatment phase of this study I met my goal of exercising more every day for a minimum of 30mins by using positive reinforcement. I plan on continuing this and using positive reinforcement to help me exercise more each day and increase my time spent exercising. I also would like to try to start eating healthier to lose weight and I will use positive reinforcement to do so. I am going to try new rein forcers for exercising more and eating healthy, such as a pair of new shoes when I reach my oal.