Crimes of the powerful Essay

Introduction In this age of an almost overwhelming profusion of criminal activity, it may seem surprising to discover that not all crimes and criminals are treated in the same manner. In fact, on closer inspection, research has suggested that there is a tendency for certain crimes and criminals to be positively overlooked, typically these being crimes of the powerful. (Ditton, 1977; Box, 1983; Chambliss, 1989; in Muncie, 1996) Before embarking on the differential responses to the crimes of the powerful, it is prudent to clarify exactly what is meant by powerful and the nature of crimes they commit. Powerful is defined as being influential, dominant and authoritative. Studies have shown that the types of crimes committed by such individuals are often in the affluent, private sphere of business and commerce, with a stable family background who consistently possess a good character. (Hughes, Langan, 1996) Studies by Sutherland (1949/67, cited in Hughes et al, 1996 p.244) described the types of crimes the powerful commit as, â€Å"†¦violations of law by persons in the upper socio-economic class are, for convenience called ‘white collar’ crimes† There are many different kinds of white collar or â€Å"corporation† crime, ranging from fraud, embezzlement, insider trading, to health and safety, environment crime, tax evasion, and crimes against the consumer. In considering the existence of corporate crimes and acknowledging that to each victim there is an individual cost, how can we explain the lack of reporting, detection and punishment? Discussion In Henry & Milovanovic’s â€Å"Prism of Crime† (1996, in Muncie, 1996 p.21), crimes of the powerful tend to have low visibility, have an indirect influence on society and elicit a conflicting response from the public. Crimes of the less powerful, by contrast, have a high visibility, a direct influence on individuals and provoke a response of agreement from the public. The myth that all crimes were committed by members of the lower socio-economic classes was expounded by Sutherland (1949, in Muncie, 1996) who showed that more significantly, members of the higher socio-economic classes were likely to be involved in crimes notably worth much more than all robberies, acts of larceny and thefts put together. In 1965, the FBI approximated that $284 million were lost in burglaries, compared to the staggering $9 billion the most affluent percentage of American people defrauded from the tax office the same year. (Pearce, 1976, in Muncie, 1996) Society’s attitude towards â€Å"ordinary† crimes as opposed to â€Å"corporate† crimes are often polarised for the following reasons. Ordinary crimes such as burglary, vandalism, rape and murder are often committed by members of the lower socio economic classes and typically have an easily identifiable perpetrator and victim. (Sutherland, 1949/67 in Hughes et al, 1996). These â€Å"street† crimes are highly personalised, close to home and are often accompanied by high media coverage – â€Å"If it bleeds it leads†. The shocking nature of these crimes grab our attention and we feel a personal hostility to the perpetrators compounded with a sense of empathy for the victims. (Nelken, 1997, in Hughes et al, 1996) It is easy to understand who has been mugged, raped or murdered and these days street crime even has a face, â€Å"..society’s perception of the perpetrators of street crime are conceptualised as a poor, young man belonging to an ethnic minority†. (Reiman, 1998) The conceptualised corporate criminal is more likely to be perceived as a trustworthy, legitimate role model for society and whilst society does see corporate crime to be deemed a crime, it is not seen to be as important as street crime. Moreover, the nature of this type of crime can also lend itself to complexity and a lack of understanding. With its possible global connections, corporate crime can often appear rather remote and distanced from society’s daily occurrences. (Hughes, et al 1996) Corporate crimes, more often committed by older, affluent, white members of  the higher socio economic classes, are by the very nature of this crime, very difficult to establish from a faceless corporation. Who is to blame and who exactly is the victim? Corporate crime does not have the immediacy of blaring police sirens, the frantic hunt for a killer; it lacks the blood and violence associated with street crimes. (Levi, 1999, in Hughes, et al 1996) This lack of shock value could perhaps contribute to a similar lack of media coverage. Nelken observes that † There is a great ambivalence surrounding the nature of white collar and corporation crime, not only does the state deal differently with white collar criminals and ordinary criminals, but there is also a marked difference in the public attitudes towards them.† (Nelken, 1997, cited in Hughes, et al 1996. p.241) There are many reasons why this type of crime often goes unreported. Clearly the media cannot report on all crime, therefore reporters tend to choose the most newsworthy stories. Studies have shown (Bailey & Hale, 1998; Surette, 1998) that violent crimes are typically over represented and exaggerated in the media. Young observed that â€Å"newspapers select events which are atypical, present them in a stereotypical fashion and contrast them against a backcloth of normality which is overtypical.† (Young, 1974, cited in Muncie, 1996. p.45) Indeed, in the highly publicised case of the ‘ordinary crimes’ of Fred West, the press, calling for even more publicity to an already saturated story, persuaded the police to be photographed carrying out an empty box, the public assuming it contained the remains of his victims. (Hughes, et al 1996) In contrast, â€Å"white collar crimes† receive a much lower public profile. Corporate crimes do not seem to fit society’s stereotype of a common criminal. Indeed, many large corporations hold a positive and trustworthy image, for example – Bill Gates of Microsoft, has had to respond to charges of antitrust violations. There would also appear to be a general reluctance on the part of â€Å"whistle-blowers† to report corporate crimes. One reason could be their subsequent treatment afterwards, loss of face or job, coupled with possible court repercussions. The European Commission’s former chief accountant Marta  Andreasen, (see www.bbc.co.uk) fired two years after she was suspended for disloyalty and breach of trust. claimed there were holes in the EU budget system. It would appear that the daunting task of standing against a very powerful corporation or leader is sometimes enough for the problem to appear less crucial. Corporate crimes, by their nature are highly specialised, involving legal jargon and typically too complex for the general public to understand. As they are executed by members of the upper socio classes, they often involve high level intelligence, skill and knowledge. Major fraud, embezzlement etc can involve many individuals, have links to other corporations, use global connections and take place over many years. (Hughes, et al 1996) In addition to the under representation in the media, there appears to be a low visibility even within the private domain of the corporation itself, permitting these crimes to remain undetected. The very complexity of fraud, embezzlement and insider trading lends itself to confusion and disinterest. In fact, many employees involved in the Guinness attempt to take over Distillers did not realise that fraudulent activity was taking place, leaving the general public none the wiser.. (Hughes, et al 1996) These crimes are typically hidden in the private sphere and require expert investigators to expose these frauds. They are not subject to the public eye and therefore do not have the familiar day to day interest that street crimes do. A further reason for corporate crimes to remain undetected could be a possible government involvement. The 1993 â€Å"Arms for Iraq† incident was only disclosed after a long awaited public inquiry, (see www.trytolive.com) The publication of the report by High Court judge Sir Richard Scott, revealed that Margaret Thatcher’s government in the 1980s, followed by John Major’s in the 1990s, covertly approved arms sales to Saddam Hussein. The report revealed that the origins of the scandal are in the 1980s arms-export drive  by Thatcher. Mark Thatcher earned himself an estimated $160 million in commissions as an unofficial salesman in the process, including up to $40 million from a single deal with Saudi Arabia. Suffice to say that Major’s Conservative government survived the February 26 House of Commons debate on Scott by a single vote, thereby escaping punishment. Disappearance is another means of evading justice. In May 1993, Asil Nadir did just that after some 0 million disappeared from the Polly Peck company. Perhaps he had followed Robert Maxwell’s cue who ‘died’ under suspicious circumstances in 1991, after it was revealed that he had defrauded 0 million from his employees’ pensions. (Muncie, 1996) The very apathy that surrounds corporate crime is also to blame, compounded with a general lack of policing for corporate violations. In 1985 only 538 from a force of 120,00 were designated to the Fraud Squad, reflecting societies perception of the severity of corporate crime. (Hughes, et al 1996) Once caught, perpetrators typically receive minimal sentences for their crimes. In 1993, the Australian Oil Refinery pipeline spilled 10 tonnes of oil into Botany Bay for the fifth time in seven years. They were fined $300. (see www.aic.gov.au) There is also a difficulty in establishing who is to blame. Both the tragedies of the Herald of Free Enterprise and the Marchioness disasters had prosecutions brought by authorities and the families but no charges were imposed and the only liable perpetrators were deemed to be the cabin crews at the time (lower socio-economic class) and not the owners (higher socio-economic class). (Hughes, et al 1996) Society appears to accept that at the very heart of successful businesses is the â€Å"buy it cheap, sell it dear† culture. With this is mind, the general consumer is defrauded every time he makes a purchase but this is not seen as criminal, simply good marketing. This accepted culture, from the outset, lends itself immediately to transactions of a deceitful and fraudulent nature. For society to then understand that specific actions, when deemed a violation of certain laws, are to be deemed illegal must certainly cause confusion. In point of fact, not all corporate crimes come under the criminal justice jurisdiction. There is an emphasis for the various regulatory agencies to prove malign intent’ (mens rea) and this has shown to be difficult, particularly when dealing with corporations and not individuals. As a large number of corporate crimes are deemed to be regulatory offences, they are not prone to the same methods of prosecution as are ordinary crimes. (Hughes, et al 1996) Very often, these corporations have self regulating bodies for which, research has shown, inspectors for these bodies regard their duties as advisory rather than policing (Hutter, 1998, in Hughes, et al 1996) which can lead to an ethos of complacency at the very least. These corporations fiercely appose outside influence and there is a reluctance on the part of the agencies to interfere with private business practice. (Clarke, 1990a, in Hughes, et al 1996) The problem of global policing and prosecuting corporate crimes is finally being addressed, with George W Bush (see www.rtmark.com) setting in motion a series of new statutes aimed to view these crimes in a similar way as ordinary crimes, in that corporations take on a human form. â€Å"While some experts dispute whether corporations can actually become human beings, most agree that punishing corporations for the crimes they commit will at the very least have a positive effect on the market.† (Bush, 2000) Corporations can then be prosecuted and subject to the same punishments within the criminal justice system as would an individual. Corporations would be hit where it hurt them most, financially. Bush has outlined a two tier system for misdemeanours and felonies. Punishment would range from short or long term share confiscation, dividends to be used to provide health care to victims; to a â€Å"negligent homicide† charge in which shareholders are subject to a prison term, the length of which is dependant on the amount of shares they hold and the severity of the crime. Bush has recognised that leaving corporations subject to regulatory agencies is not ideal. â€Å"We must remove the burden for controlling corporations from big government, from regulation and fines, and place it squarely on the judiciary,† (Bush, 2000) Thus bringing corporate crimes full circle and in line with crimes of an ordinary nature. Conclusion It is clear that the human cost of corporate crime is very real to the individual, whether it be financial loss, environmental damage, injury or loss of human life. The need for recompense and the recognition of a moral responsibility needs to be expected by society, not ‘dumbed down’ because of the criminal being a corporation and not an individual. The act is no less personal and no less criminal! References Andreasen, M. 2002, sourced in http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3742148.stm accessed on 20/03/05 Bailey, F & Hale, D. 1998. Popular Crime Culture and Justice. Belmont CA, West/Wadsworth Bush, G W,. 2000. sourced in http://www.rtmark.com/bushprcorpcrime.html accessed on 21.03.05 Box, S. 1983. in Muncie, J. 1996. â€Å"The Construction and Deconstruction of Crime† p. 9-44 in The Problem of Crime edited by J. Muncie and E. Mc Laughlin. Sage Publications Chambliss, WJ. 1989. ibid Ditton, J. 1997. ibid Clarke, 1990a, in Hughes, G. with Langan, M. 1996. â€Å"Good or Bad Business? : Exploring Corporate and Organised Crime† p.240-273 in The Problem of Crime edited by J. Muncie and E. Mc Laughlin. Sage Publications Hughes, G. with Langan, M. 1996. â€Å"Good or Bad Business? : Exploring Corporate and Organised Crime† p.240-273 in The Problem of Crime edited by J. Muncie and E. Mc Laughlin. Sage Publications Hutter, B. 1998 ibid Levi, M. 1999 ibid Muncie, J. 1996. â€Å"The Construction and Deconstruction of Crime† p. 9-44 in The Problem of Crime edited by J. Muncie and E. Mc Laughlin. Sage Publications Nelken, D. 1997 in Hughes, G. with Langan, M. 1996. â€Å"Good or Bad Business? : Exploring Corporate and Organised Crime† p.240-273 in The Problem of Crime edited by J. Muncie and E. Mc Laughlin. Sage Publications Pearce, 1976 Reiman, J. 1998. The Rich Get Richer and The Poor Get Prison. Boston Press Surette, R. 1998. Media Crime and Criminal Justice: Image and Realities. Belmont CA, West/Wadsworth Sutherland, E. 1949, in Muncie, J. 1996. â€Å"The Construction and Deconstruction of Crime† p. 9-44 in The Problem of Crime edited by J. Muncie and E. Mc Laughlin. Sage Publications Young, J. 1992. ibid Further sources Australian Institute of Criminology http://www.aic.gov.au accessed 18.03.05 Arms to Iraq http://www.trytolive.com/cor332.htm accessed 19.03.05

Internet Makes Life Better Essay

Nowadays, with the development of the Internet, our life becomes more convenient than any time in the past. With the click of the mouse, you can find everything on the Internet including shopping, communication, entertainment, study, and so on. Do you know how many percent of people on the Earth have access into the Internet? – 21% In the United States, 74% of American adults use the Internet. 94% of students in the US are using the Internet. 60% of American adults use broadband connections at home.55% of American adults connect to the internet wirelessly, either through a WiFi or WiMax connection via their laptops or through a handheld device like a smart phone. Because of the Internet, we can do shopping without going to the store which is located far away. Online shopping is the process whereby consumers directly buy goods or services from a seller in real-time, without an intermediary service, over the Internet. It is a form of electronic commerce. We can talk with a people who are away 10,000 miles with high quality of voice and images. Brought us closer to people those are in another part of the world: video calls with Skype, Online support calls so I don’t have to drive 2 hours to a client site. Telephone: Voice over IP or VOIP Besides, we can find tons of information by one click on Google.com, Yahoo.com, and so on. Other conveniences of the Internet: Online banking. Driving Directions .We can work or study from anywhere in the world. In conclusion, I believe the Internet makes life better. I cannot live one day happily without Internet.

Analysis of the Problems of XYZ Company Assignment

Analysis of the Problems of XYZ Company - Assignment Example Herein, it should be noted that the XYZ Company is a well-known company in the food manufacturing industry. The company is having the number of employees working in it. There are several departments within the company. However, the information technology department needs some improvement for that this Yardstick report will provide the solution. In order to improve the information technology security system to keep the confidential information of the company in safe hands, it is necessary that the IT security system should be strong enough. For this, it is possible that the XYZ Company can hire other security service provider company that can help to upgrade their IT security system. As there are different types of risks involved such as the hacker attack, lack of physical security, and risks from internal employees (Whitman & Mattord, 2010). Therefore, a strong IT security system can be the best solution for the XYZ Company. The internal employees are responsible to keep the information confidential. However, to keep the information confidential from vendors it is necessary that the employees use software and never share their passwords with any other person. Moreover, it can be said that the associated threats and vulnerabilities can be dealt with the help solutions such as training programs, control, and monitoring system, checklist, and daily basis reports. For all these services, there are many agencies that are developing specific software for the companies. There are few top agencies that are offering these services. In order to select the final service provider for the company, it must be the best in the field of information technology to the organizations and advises best in the business and provide the best security to the systems. Thus, the XYZ Company is seeking the best network security policy and procedure.

'Constitutional conventions are not law but nevertheless play an Essay

'Constitutional conventions are not law but nevertheless play an important role in the UK constitution.' Briefly define the - Essay Example An example is the convection that the United Kingdom prime minister cannot be in office unless he or she has the majority votes from the house of common.3 Enforceability in the court Constitutional convection can never be enforced by the court of law. This is because according to the supreme court of Canada 1981, the convection is mostly in conflict with formal laws postulated and courts bound to carry out the legal rules. This conflict between convection constitution and rule of law according to the court ruling, regardless of how well it is universally acceptable, can transform into law unless the parliament drafts a law or amend the constitution. By so doing the convection becomes a coded law; a principle referred to as authoritative.4 Since the conventions unenforceable by the law court, but rather by political processes they rarely are they included in law reports. The courts often recognize convection so as intelligently to discuss in broad the democratic system of government r esponsibility in its work. Such is in the case of the Attorney General v Jonathan Cape, whereby, the attorney general would have progressed if he had only based his argument in convection of collective ministerial responsibility. He based his argument on the doctrine of equity on breach of confidence.5 He used convectional fact to back his argument. Another example is the case Cartona v Commissioner of Works.6 The key reason as to why courts should not make use of the underlying constitution conventions to transform into law is because there exist no gap to cover, a case that seems hard appear so only when its focused on only constitutional law. According to Jennings, with the combination of conventions and constitutional law, it is vivid that the judges should appreciate the political means of enforcement instead of using underlying convectional principle as a way to convert constitutional conventions into judicial law.7 In the UK Politics, these connections are the ones that bring about true distribution of authority. A clear example is the role of sovereign power5 that seems to have same powers as the monarch on paper by exercising the royal prerogatives; the parliament can be dissolved by the sovereign. He also has authority to appoint and dismiss the government, ministers, prime minister and even deny her assent to any bill passed by the government. In the real sense, the sovereign does not yield any such power except on special circumstances. The operations of the UK government are in the hands of ministers elected and the officials acting under the law and royal prerogative residues. This entire establishment was through conventions.8 The conventions are binding non legal rules meaning that they are not part of law through pressure from the political class make it unrealistic, the members bound by these conventions do not break any rule by failing to bind by those law .9 Some conventions change over time, for example, prior to 1918, the UK cabinet had r equested a the parliament to be dissolved from the monarch, a request conveyed by the prime minister .Since then prime ministers request dissolutions

Sickle Cell Disease Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sickle Cell Disease - Research Paper Example Due to the abnormal haemoglobin formation, this oxygen delivery is affected. The red blood cells also lose their normal functional capacity and acquire a sickle shape and this leads to anaemia in the patient. These individuals are also more prone to infections (Bloom 1995; Govan et al 1995; Ganong 2005). The image above shows the difference between the normal shaped red blood cells and the red blood cells of sickle cell disease (National Heart Lung and Blood Institute 2011). Each parent contributes to the genetic makeup of an individual. Half of the genes are inherited from mother and the other half from father. Some traits are completely governed by the type of genes present in the body like colour of eyes and height while others may be influenced by the environment like athletic abilities. Although the parents make an equal contribution of genes but their effect is not always the same. Some genes are dominant and some are recessive. The dominant gene produces its effects in all cas es while the recessive gene has to be present in a pair to produce the desired effects. HbS which is the gene implicated in the causation of sickle cell disease is a recessive gene. ... ase If one parent is diseased and the other is normal If both the parents are carriers of the defective gene If one parent is carrier and the other is normal Both the parents are neither carriers nor do they suffer from the disease The chance of transmitting the disease is 100% in the case when both the parents of a child suffer from sickle cell disease. If one parent is diseased and the other is carrier of sickle cell trait, the chance of developing disease is reduced to 50% and if one parent is diseased and the other is normal then there is 0% chance of disease development however it will produce sickle cell traits in the children (Bloom 1995). The figure above shows the â€Å"Genetic pedigree† of sickle cell disease.( Shiverdecker 2005) The clinical manifestations of sickle cell disease vary with the age. The major complication associated with the disease is chronic low levels of haemoglobin while some other complications include bacterial infection, splenic sequestration w hile stroke, renal disease, pulmonary hypertension, leg ulcers depict the organ damage in long standing disease. The infection from bacteria results from the reduced functioning of the spleen or asplenia. Asplenia occurs due to the continuous destruction of sickle shaped red blood cells in the spleen which results in the affecting the normal functional capacity of the organ. Hence, spleen is the first organ to be damaged. Splenic sequestration is characterized by the enlargement of the organ and decreased Hb levels along with thrombocytopenia present occasionally. This has been a common cause of death due to sudden circulatory collapse. Acute chest syndrome affect almost 50% of the patients and it is the second leading cause of emergency. Adults are generally more affected. In acute chest syndrome,

Climate change and global warming debate Case Study

Climate change and global warming debate - Case Study Example For the past decades, loggers and miners have not seriously introduced rehabilitation of damaged mountains, rivers and shores. Such have serious implication to disasters such as the floods in Philippines, Pakistan, Australia, India and other part of the world that have killed thousands of peoples and damaged properties. The wanton disregard of massive wastes due to consumerism and the use of non-biodegradable materials are also noted, albeit increasing campaign for recycling and waste management. The need to practice solid waste management as part of eco-governance worldwide remained to be inculcated as most countries deal with mountainous garbage everyday. Added to these is the disturbing deposit of toxic wastes in the oceans ridges that is affecting sea habitats. Moreover, global arctic regions rich with ice and glaciers are melting and have accordingly affected the tropical areas as sea level arises at 23 inches (SRREN, 2011). As weather pattern changed and became unpredictable, t he cycle of vegetation is are also affected--seriously impacting to agricultural produce and to world economy (Solomon, Manning, Chen, Marquis, Averyt, Tignor & Miller, 2007). The issue of climate change certainly relates to sustainability.

Write a letter to your first-year roommate at Babson. Tell him or her Essay - 1

Write a letter to your first-year roommate at Babson. Tell him or her what it will be like to live with you, why you chose Babson, and what you are looking forward to the most in college - Essay Example I tend not to get worked up about things, and am fairly relaxed, so I would be surprised if much of what you did bothered me. I’m also fairly direct and honest, so if there is something that I think we need to talk about I’m just going to bring it up instead of letting it simmer or being passive aggressive – you never have to wonder if your pile of dirty gym clothes is bothering me – if it is I’ll come out and tell you right away, so if I say nothing you will know it’s not. I’m not especially neat nor especially messy, but a bit of a mess won’t bother me – if it will bother you ten I can definitely keep cleaner. So those are all the ways I’m pretty easy to live with. One of the reasons I might be a pain is my sleep schedule – I tend to alternately be a very early riser or a night owl, and I tend to work best early in the morning or late at night. So my schedule is pretty erratic and might shift significantly throughout the year. If you’re like me, then this won’t be a problem, but if it is I’m sure we can work something out! I decided to come to Babson for several reasons. One is definitely its spirit of entrepreneurship – I love the idea of starting your own business, of creating ideas and capitalizing on them, and competing with others to try to win market share, and, of course, profits. The school obviously has a very good reputation as one of the best business schools in the country, and this reputation is something that drew me to it as well. Location also played a part in my decision to come to Babson – I love the huge, beautiful campus (especially the globe!) and the small town feel you get there. But I also like that it is close to Boston and other big cities in New England, so you don’t feel like you’re stranded in the middle of nowhere – you can always find something to do. The thing I’m most excited about next year is meeting and making connections with new

Essentials for Sport and Exercise Science Essay - 1

Essentials for Sport and Exercise Science - Essay Example BMI is determining factor of fatness in the body. Age 16-25 usually have fewer fats because their cells have the stronger ability to burn down excess fats and converting that fat to energy. Within this age, the bracket is where total body activity is taking place. Allot of vigorous exercises are performed allowing multiple cell division resulting in low fat. The age bracket 25-40, it is where cell division and cell multiplication rate is almost at the bar. Due to this the fat level in the body tends to be higher considering the fact that they have minimal exercise, conversion of fat into energy is slower and reduced body activity. Age 41-55 is the most dangerous are in terms of fat accumulation. Less or no cell division and the rate of cells dying are high. Limited body exercise is experienced in this stage; conversion of fat to energy rate is no more and the aging factor. The age bracket that body fat is high. The analysis selected and made use of a number of 14 swimmers who underwent moderate training. Maximum uptake (VO2max) of the oxygen was utilized to judge the fitness of the player. The examination approach was a utility of a standard increases using a cycle ergometer. The data utilised a standard deviation for the age, mass and height to be 33.01+/-6 year, 67.2+/- 3 kg, and 167.2+/- cm respectively. The regular participation in their sports activities was also considered in selecting them. Moreover, their training frequency was put to be at 3-5 m distance covered. The reason for the present study was to discover whether execution in swimmers could be enhanced by a week of beetroot juice supplementation. Results demonstrate that beetroot juice supplementation diminished vigorous vitality expense of swimming at the submaximal workload, as indicated by the decreased AEC at anaerobic limit found in the present examination. This finding is in concurrence with past examination demonstrating that

Data Analysis and Interpretation Research Paper

Data Analysis and Interpretation - Research Paper Example Using the value 0.05 level of significance, F-statistics, and an Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, the df num value is k-1, or 2 -1, or 1 and the df den value is T-k, or 150 - 2, or 148. So, with = 0.05, the critical value of F in this analysis of variance test was F0.05 (1, 148) = 253. Since computed F (FC) is less than Tabulated F (FT), Ho is accepted, which states that the British consumers' perception of "Rioja" wine attributes is affected by the image factors of "La Rioja" origin. In other words, the result of the "Analysis of Variance" (ANOVA) shows that the computed F, 1.117 is less than the tabular values of F-statistics, 253 at 0.05 degrees of freedom, 1, 148. This denotes that the British consumers' perception of "Rioja" wine attributes is affected by the image factors of "La Rioja" origin. The resultant R square value is 0.007. This is very far from the point of reference value 1. This shows that the correlation is not on the normal curve distribution. So, it is interpreted as very small positive correlation. In percentile (%), it is 0.7 which indicates significant differences in terms of the British consumers' perception of "Rioja" wine and the image factors of "La Rioja" origin. Moreover, because the R square value of 0.007 is not close to the adjusted R square value of 0.001, this signifies that the regression model is not fit for the data. The very small positive correlation denotes that the perception is uncorrelated with image or perception, it may be either large or small when the image is large and vice versa. This further implies that there is no systematic trend in British consumer's perception of "Rioja" wine as the image factors of "La Rioja" origin value increase. 2. Ho 2: The image of "La Rioja" origin has no direct influence on the British consumers' preference for "Rioja" wine; Data analysis on: Relationship of the image of "La Rioja" origin and the British consumers' preference for "Rioja" wine using analysis of variance (ANOVA) Relationship Computed F Tabulated F Interpretation Image versus Preference 334 253 Rejected Using 0.05 level of significance, F-statistics, and an Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, it was established that the df num value is k-1, or 2 -1, or 1 and the df den value is T-k, or 150 - 2, or 148. So, with = 0.05, the critical value of F in this analysis of variance test was F0.05 (1, 148) = 253. The computed F (FC) value is greater than Tabulated F (FT). Ho is rejected. This is because the result of the "Analysis of Variance" (ANOVA) shows that the computed F (334) is greater than the tabular values of F-statistics (253) at 0.05 degree of freedom (1, 148). This means that the image of "La Rioja" origin has direct influence on the British consumers' preference for "Rioja" wine Data analysis on: Correlation of the image of "La Rioja" origin and the British consumers' preference for "Rioja" wine Using coefficient of determination (R2) Correlation R2 Adjusted R2 Interpretation

Criminal Justice Essay Example for Free

Criminal Justice Essay Herbert Packer a professor from Stanford University came up with two models of how the criminal justice system works. The two models that Herbert Packer had came up with is the crime control model and due process model.The crime control model is based on conservative values such as aggressive arrest, prosecution and conviction of criminals and makes the system more efficient and safer for people. The due process control is basically protecting an individual’s rights whether they’re accused and to protect the innocent people from conviction. According to the article , neither models should be used because both the crime control and due process model have both significant strengths and weaknesses. For example, one weakness of a due process model is it only protects the accused individual rights and not the victim. Also the articles claims that â€Å"both appear to have potential pitfalls and dangers that could threaten both safety and security and the individual freedoms that have made the United States a beacon of stability and freedom throughout the world†. The article also states that crime control model is too harsh while the due process model is just soft on the accused individuals. While the crime control model is aggressive arrest and it could be trouble if the police officers arrest the innocent by accident and during the aggressive arrest it may hurt the victims also.This shows that neither models should be used due to all the reasons above. Herbert Packer feels that both methods should be combined to prevent weaknesses in the model while gaining more strengths and less dangers to the society. Also Herbert Packer feels that if the models were combined, it’ll be the best strategy to deal with crimes days in the future. With the criminal control model being harsh and the due process being more soft on the accused, they would make a great team which adjusting the levels to just right not too harsh or too easy. These reasons above states why Herbert Packer feels that both models or methods should be combined. Based on all the facts given to me, I would prefer the crime control model because crime control model could actually prevent more crimes while the due process model would increase the amount of crimes a year. Also the crime control model enforces the law while the due process model doesn’t. I would prefer the crime control model also because it’s better to be safe than sorry and increases the social order in that certain area. Since the due process model is too easy on the criminal, there may be a chance that the individual would commit another crime and in society it is important to maintain social order or there would be chaos.I also think that if the crime control model is including traffic stops ,wiretapping and surveillance , it’ll still protect the victim and the criminal somehow. The crime control model is necessary to make a free society. With the crime control model, the criminal justice system should be more efficient than ever. The crime control model increases the police powers which make the criminal afraid of committing any more crimes. This is shows why I prefer the crime control model over the due process model. Herbert Packer a professor from Stanford University came up with two models of how the criminal justice system works. The two models that Herbert Packer had came up with is the crime control model and due process model. In conclusion, there are many strengths and weaknesses among the models but still the crime control method is more important in order to prevent crimes from increasing.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Asthma in Saudi Arabia

Diagnosis and Treatment of Asthma in Saudi Arabia More than 300 million people currently suffer from asthma worldwide. It is the most common chronic disease among children (WHO, 2008). In Saudi Arabia, there is a lack of statistics about the asthma, however, an estimated number can be assumed through Abou Zaid et al study. According to Abou Zaid et al (2009), there are around 7 percent of the children and adolescents in the south region only suffering from bronchial asthma. That percentage was based in one city (AlTaif) from the Saudi Arabia regions (south region). Moreover, that study was based on a city that does not have polluted environment such as the capital city and the surrounding areas. That city AlTaif, this city is known with the high altitude city and clean environment due to the staggering distance from the polluted industries. From that point, it can be seen that the percentage of the children who have asthma will be higher in the capital cities or in the industrial environments due to the excessive present of the poll ution and the asthma triggers (Abou Zaid et all, 2009). Background: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that a recurrent symptoms. Its resulting from the interaction between the inflammatory cells and the tissue cell that cover the airways. The inflammatory process during asthma is leading to the asthma pattern such as the difficulty of breathing, wheezing, coughing and chest tightness (Henson Johnston. 2002). The enhancements of pediatric asthma have clearly linked to the sensitivity of airways. This sensitivity can lead to the asthma onset. The allergic inflammation of the airways can be stimulated by the allergens (Henson Johnston. 2002).asthma in children can be caused by many factors. Several factors that might increase the risk of development of asthma such as: genetic, gender, environment and prematurity when delivery (Henson Johnston. 2002). Smoking for women during pregnancy has been linked strongly to asthma in children (Henson Johnston. 2002). This will be an issue with the women who smoke in Saudi Arabia. Primary Health Care Centers in Saudi Arabia have been lacking in asthma care knowledge structures (equipment and medication) (Alhaddad et al. 1997). In addition, there were a large number of asthma prescriptions from the primary health care centers that had no documentation of the dosage for the asthma inhalers and this showed how poor the documentation has been from the asthma medicines prescribers. Moreover patients who were ordered asthma steroids have shown a poor compliance with the prescriptions. All of that has led to more primary health care centers visits and more hospitalizations. The studies also showed there were only 35% of the prescriptions were in the preventive therapy. That means the other prescription were either higher than the preventive therapy or lower than the recommended preventive therapy (Aldashash, Almukhtar. 2003). The significance of the proposal: The clients who have poor compliance and with no educational tools, the hospital visits and hospitalization by them will increase and remain in the high level. However, if the clients have been given booklets which teach them how to handle the asthma attacks and how to prevent them, the hospital visits may be decreased with the proper motivation and education. Aims and objectives for the project: This proposal is targeting the children with asthma to decrease the hospital visits by them. It will also improve the awareness for the childrens guardians and what is an asthma booklet for children may promote the quality of the childrens lives and it also may decrease the hospitalization. That booklet are also aiming to maintain the self management for children with asthma it will increase the public awareness in what to do if someone had an asthma attack by providing the children and their guardians the sufficient education. The strategies of the project: Making the booklet. This strategy is the main concept to start the implementation process. In addition, this booklet should start with giving the clients useful information related to their needs. The ways to make the client satisfy with this booklet, all the information are in need to be simple to understand. Up to date information needed to fill out this booklet to make the client able to relate it to the recent self management approaches. The booklet will be very handy to the client who cannot or do not have the ability to check the information via online. All the updated and needed data will be available at the booklet for the reader to read it and to ask about anything that they want or they need to know about the booklet. Process of implementation. Asthma self management booklet needs to be implemented in strong used methods to be able to gain the fruits of successes. Knox (2000) has suggested that the implementation process need to be based on many theories to give it the ability to adapt on the various changes in the clients needs or barriers such as eye sight problems and literacy. The elected theory will be adapting Lewins theory. Lewins theory has been elected because of it is the easiest theory to be controlled and monitored. In addition, Lewins theory is capable to be adjusted to suit the wanted changes more than the other theories (Knox, 2000). Literature review: This literature review has only focused on the recent articles that only done in 2009 and 2010. These articles are not about the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia due to the lack of the recent resources that have mentioned the asthma education in Saudi Arabia. These articles were taken from the search engine CINHAL based on key words asthma and education. The search was limited on the articles that have been published in years 2009 and 2010. Only 32 hits were found: 13 of them were in English but those articles were based on the church communities. Thus, those articles have been excluded due to the inconvenient to the topic to apply it in Saudi Arabia. In addition, 6 of the articles were written by a foreign language Portuguese language so these articles have been excluded too. That will leave only 13 recent articles to use in this literature review. The literatures will be mentioned under the following sub headings Asthma in connection with communities: Asthma self care management is more beneficial for the client when it is connected with the community (Otsuki et al 2009; Millard et al 2009; Krieger et al 2009). The purpose of connecting the asthma self management plan is to get the maximum support to the clients and to the plan itself. This will give the wanted plan with the maximum validity. When talking about using the communities to give a great aid to the asthma self management plan from allowing a large informatics resource to be focused on that plan (Clark et al 2010). The management needs to be supported by giving guardians need to be included in that education to allow them to be a good participant in the asthma self management plan for the children (Tolomeo 2009; Zhao et al 2009). When the asthma self management plan has been separated from the community. The wanted education plans will be disrupted by the invalid information and will be lacking of resources such as clients and trainers. This will lead to failing in that education plans (Farber, 2009). Asthma in connection with medical facilities: Asthma is a medical problem. This medical problem will require a medical attention. When a clients education have been provided without any connection to any medical facilities, then the asthma education will contains a lot of fraud information. From that point, asthma self care management plan should have some connection with the medical facilities to be able to be suitable to be carried out with attention from the medical staffs. In addition, the medical facilities will lubricate the educational process to the client by allowing them to feel the difference before and after using the suggested self management education plan (Praeger 2009; Farber, 2009). Asthma education for undergraduate nurses: The way to make the educator nurse able to deliver a good education to the clients is to allow the nurses to get more methods to educate the clients when they are taking their degrees. In another words, allow the asthma self management methods to be taught in the tertiary schools to the nurses to increase the flexibilities to the nurses to adapt the methods to teach the clients more effectively and to create the realism in the education plan (Richard, 2009). Reducing clients with asthma hospitalization: When the clients are getting an insufficient education, the emergency visits by the clients will be increased (Flores et al 2009). Vice versa, if the health education have become more effective to the clients, that will lead to promote their health. When their health status has been promoted, the visit to the emergency room will be reduced (Zhao et al 2009) Clients with asthma in schools: When the clients who diagnosed with asthma are having an episode of asthma, then the absence of school will occur and the emergency visits will increase (Murdock et al 2010). Increasing the community awareness and the asthma self management education will promote the clients health status and that will decrease the absence from schools (Otsuki et al 2009). Moreover, when using an education techniques to the children clients, an appropriate technique should be used to avoid the incompliance from the children such as ignorant or depression (Murdock et al 2010). One study done by Tolomeo has reported that only 15 % of children who diagnosed with asthma that have received a complete asthma education (2009). That is less percentage than what has been reported by Apter et al (2001). However, another study done by Millard et al has argued that the affect of asthma absence in schools were highly over estimated (2009). However, there still gaps between the recommended asthma care plan and the current plan that has been used in the schools (Frankowski, 2009). In addition, Frankowski recommended Physician Asthma Care Education (PACE) to increase the effort in communication while providing the client the asthma self management plans (2009). The content of the booklet with the rationale: The content of the booklet will use the simple English to make it easy to be understood by the client and the client guardian if any. In addition, it will be written as a dot point to make it easy to be absorbed by the clients mind. The booklet will contain some of the pictures to make it easy to explain the contents to the clients. The booklet will contain six sections; those sections will be clearly identified below. First section: This section is talking about the asthma disease and includes sufficient information about the asthma. It is also include the sign and symptoms of asthma. The aim of this section is to give the client enough information about the asthma to determine the reality of the disease and how to identify the sign and symptoms. This will be useful to the client and their guardian to be able to identify the initial information about what is asthma and what is it doing to the client health status. In addition, this section is including some information about how to control the asthma. In specific this booklet is aiming to motivate the self management for the clients to promote their health by promoting their self control for the asthma. Moreover, if the booklet has engaged the client and their guardians by acknowledging them to the sign and symptoms of asthma on sets, then the booklet has allowed the client to be more confident in managing his health condition and that will reduce the depression to the client (Murdock et al 2010). The aim is achieved by including an explanation on what are the asthma and the pathology for the asthma. This definition is to make it clear to the client in what is exactly going on in the clients lungs. The booklet did also include some of the sign and symptoms for asthma and some definitions for the difficult words such as wheezing. Wheezing is the whistling or squeaky sound thats appears when the asthmatic person are breaths (LBI 2007). Moreover, the booklet has identified when the clients need to contact their doctors and when they need their medications. In addition, the booklet has shown some information about how to control the child asthma. All the information that has been written in the booklet was from up to date references. The second section: The aim of this section is acknowledging the client about the different kind of asthma medication and the purpose for them. This page will allow the client to gain the adequate knowledge about what is the medication and why those medications have been prescribed for the client. This also will allow the medical team to educate the client about the medication. By engaging the clients and their guarding in the asthma self management plan and provide them with sufficient education then the booklet is actually insuring that the clients are getting the adequate asthma education (Tolomeo, 2009). In addition, if the clients are aware of the asthma onset sign and symptoms then the client also aware about how to use the supplied medication to solve the onset, then the pressure to the client from the sickness itself will be reduced and the client will not be more depressed about their medical conditions (Murdock et al 2010). This aim is achieved by explaining that there are two kind of asthma medication: the reliever one puffer and the preventive medication (LBI 2007). The medication will be varying from each client. That is why there were no specific brand name to the inhalers has been mentioned in details. All the details that have been written in the booklet were general due to the avoidance of getting biased or malfunctioned. Section three: This section contains some useful pictures that explain to the client how to use the different kind of inhalers. This will promote the client knowledge about the proper way to use the inhalers to insure the maximum benefits from the medication. Section four: This section was established in this booklet to educate the client about what are the asthma triggers and how to solve or eliminate them to be more in control for their asthma situations. Section five: This section is mainly about the asthma management plan during emergency action plan. This section can be filled by the physician to make the client able to handle emergency situations and when to know when their health status are dropping down or getting better. This section is essential to the booklet due to the highly urgent need to the client to know their emergency action plan. In addition, this section is giving the clients and the reader more information on how to scale the clients with asthma health status regarding the asthma point of view. When the client is able to measure the peak flow and know what the vital variance to determine their asthma status, then they will know when to seek help or when they are in the risk free zone. That will allow them to take in charge for their health and will give them an advance notice when to be worried and need to seek attention or help for the medical staff. This also will allow the client to know when they need to book themselves an a ppointment in the medical facilities in advance. This issue may lead to less waiting hours in the primary health care clinics from the asthma perspective. That will lead to less hospitalization and might reduce the mortality rate for the clients. Section six: This section is about the useful community services in Saudi Arabia. This will help he client to seek the adequate sufficient information about asthma when needed. It is also including some of the valid web site links for those community services to be able to locate them in their areas or have the contact numbers for them. According to Knox (2000), explained that the clients are reading about their condition more than what they used to, especially when they are looking for a solution to a problem that they have. When the clients are suffering from a specific problem, they would require looking for the solution and wanting a valid resource for them to be able to find the solution. The implementation process: Every implementation process would require a leadership or changing agent. While there is no leadership or no change agent the implementation will eventually fails due to there will be no control for the outcomes. In addition, the leadership or the change agent needs to be armed with skills to be able to control the implementation process and need to have adequate expertise about what is the change and what the favor from the implementation. The leadership shall identify the changes and how it will affect the organization. In addition, the leadership will have the leading skills to lead the other staffs to be able to reduce or eliminate the fears from the changes and the uncertainty while making the changes. Moreover, this leadership will visualize the recent valid change process to be able to implement them to the changes that the leadership will require (Swanburgs, 2005). The leaders ship should be honest responsible and have the flexibility to admit their own mistakes. Moreover, t he leaderships need to be qualifies persons whom can built a business on a trust and can reach to important goals (Swanburgs, 2005). The process of making the implementation more flexible and effective is to make it based on more than one change theory (Knox. 2000). The implementation of the booklet will basically base on Lewins force field model of change. Lewins model is consisting of three stages: unfreeze stage, moving stage and freeze stage (Swanburgs, 2005). However, other change process theories might be included in this project. Ethical issue: The implementation process will consider that there will be no harm that will occur to the clients and there will be no harm for the distributers or the medical staffs (Swanburgs, 2005). If any harm was noted to any of the parts the implementation process will immediately terminated and that incidence will get investigated to see where the implementation process were deviated from the track and to discuss whether or not that harm will affect the future of the implementation process. The harm might happen when the clients or their guardian are not understanding the booklet and might misuse it. Unfreezing stage: This stage will include the gathering of all the recent asthma brochures and investigate what are the brochures that are out dated. All the out dated brochures need to be collected and announced to the client to not use them. After that, an introduction for this booklet needs to be done in small community such as rural area. The supposed area in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is AlMajmaah due to it contains only three Primary Health Clinics and two hospitals. The introduction for the booklet will be started on the asthma inpatients in one of the hospital and for this trail the elected hospital will be King Khalid Hospital because of there is special department for asthma patients in there and there is Special Ward for clients with asthma there. That ward consists of 12 beds especially for children whom diagnosed with asthma so the trial can be easily controlled. Prior to distributing the booklet, the project leadership will collect the sufficient data about the status of those children and what they have received from the education point of view. The culture habits such as raising sheeps or camels should be considered and investigated whether or not it triggers the asthma attacks. That will need to be investigated by the physicians. The other educational elements should be considered such as literacy, education level, any cultural impairment such as lack of transportation or lack of guardians, any physical impairment such as eye sight or deafness. After collecting and analyzing the data, the leadership will establish basic team to assist the leadership in applying the changes. This team will be armed with experience and it will contain trustable persons that are accountable for the successful of the supposed change aims. After the investigation has been collected and analyzed, some of the inpatient clients will be elected for the first trial. The election will be based on the children whom with low complications to decrease the chance for the failure of this trail. Th ose selected subjects and the selected team will receive an intensive course for the use of the booklet and the benefits for the booklet. That course will not be established unless a formal consent has been gained from the hospital administration and from the guardians of the children. The intensive course will be held for one week and it will contain the needed educational material such as the booklet, some posters and brochures to maximize the knowledge that will be gained by the mentioned subjects. This trial was inspired by Roger s theory (Swanburgs, 2005). After the intensive course the booklet will be handed on to the clients and observation for the real benefits that gained after handing the booklet will be monitored. Moving stage: In this stage the leadership and the nominated team will start distributing the booklet among the whole AlMajmaah inpatient children whom are suffering from asthma especially the recent diagnosed children. When introducing and distributing for the booklet a classes will be held in all the inpatients wards that contains children whom diagnosed with asthma to brief them of the benefits of using the booklet and how to use them. The mentioned classes will run for a period of a month. After the mentioned month, an evaluation process will run for the whole two hospital and investigation about the actual benefits that been gained from that booklet. The booklet may need modification or alteration to make the booklet more suitable for the use by the clients. When there is any alteration for the booklet the previous implementation steps will be carried out again to insure the smoothness of the changing process. After finishing the alteration for the booklet and the successful of the trails, th e booklet will be recommended to the Ministry of Health to implement it for the whole Saudi Arabia medical facilities and that the aim of this project. Freeze stage: When completing the booklet trials and insuring the maximum validity of the booklet contents, then the booklet should get the official shape and recommended to the Ministry of Health to be able to make it the primary distributed booklet for children with asthma in Saudi Arabia. Discussion and limitation: The most significant barrier for this booklet would be adapting the medical team and the public about the best safe way to use the booklet, this can be covered by established a educational facilities or teams to keep educating the public how to use the booklet and an intensive program to teach the medical teams as well. In addition, some of the information might be not valid or useless after a while, that can be cover by creating an evaluation teams to keep this booklet up to date. Moreover, the booklet maybe in need for more information or more sections and that can be dealt with by the evaluation teams. The booklet may suffer from the lack of compliance from the patients, that can be dealt with educate the patient of the importance of following the instruction that been given by the medical team. Moreover, some patient may manipulate the informations in the booklet or adding more information that might bias the booklet that might be solved by educating the patient in how dangerous it would be if they done so and how inappropriate treatments might result from that. However, some of the departments in Saudi Arabia have adopted some of the asthma education techniques such as King Fahd National Guard Hospital. KFNGH has created a link via web site to allow the clients to calculate the severity of their asthma if they have it. Future recommendation: This booklet may be used as a data base style so the clients will require a USB device to carry their entire case file and their required information. The booklet can be as well a digital booklet so the client can check it out via online or using the new devices such as i pad or iPod. The booklet will include in the future more sections to get the booklet further in the way to reach to the holistic approach. Conclusion: In conclusion, asthma is a chronic health issue that affects many people from all around the world. Many asthma self management education method has been used around the globe. Moreover, the asthma education is one of the essentials to reduce the clients emergency room visits and hospitalization. Education will require connecting it with the community and medical facilities to get the maximum benefits to the plan. In addition, one of the education methods that can be used to educate the clients is the asthma self management booklet. This booklet need to have up to date information to be able to assist the clients to promote their health.th booklet will contain six section that have been detailed above. The implementation of the booklet will go via three stages unfreeze, move then freeze. All the implementation stages should be monitored thoroughly to maintain the success. This booklet may reach to preferred destination and may not. If it reached to the final hoped destination then th e booklet will require evaluate and frequent update.

Stem Cell Research - Embryonic Stem Cells Save Lives :: Persuasive Argumentative Essay Examples

Embryonic Stem Cells Save Lives    Special cells that are taken from human embryos, called embryonic stem cells (ES cells), actually possess the power to save your life. These cells can serve many medical purposes and have the ability to benefit people in infinite ways. The importance of embryonic stem cells rests in their lack of specialization. These basic cells are present in the earliest stages of developing embryos and are able to develop into virtually any type of cell and tissue in the body. Being self-renewing, they offer a potentially limitless source of cells and tissue. (Tucker) The versatility of these unique cells is what makes them so valuable and vital to human existence. They have properties that no other part of the human body can possess. One example of how ES cells could work is Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's is caused by the death of cells in the brain that produce dopamine. Placing ES cells in the dopamine-producing region of the brain could cure Parkinson's. That is just one of the many possible effects that ES cells could have on serious diseases, among other things. The importance of this relatively new discovery, even though not yet realized by everyone, could have already played an important part in the lives of a majority of the people. I am one of those people and can actually relate a personal experience that has made me a strong believer in the importance of ES cells. I am sure that there are many people who have had experiences much like my own who can, by relating back to their own personal experiences, comprehend the significance of ES cells in today's world. But if ES cells can prevent life-threatening diseases and save your life, why is the government banning research on them? The uniqueness of these special cells has caused a huge amount of controversy in not only the medical world, but also in politics and wherever else the topic has been discussed. It is to be expected that there are going to be risks associated with the study and use of ES cells. Some who are opposed to researching ES cells argue that it is wrong to experiment on human embryos because it prevents the possibility for human life to evolve from those embryos. Another major reason ES cells are under so much controversy is because of the possibility that the cells could be used for purposes other than producing cells and tissue to help treat disease, like cloning.

Can virtue be taught? Essay -- essays research papers

lthough today's society includes much technology and new things are supposedly being discovered every day, many age old questions still remain unanswered; questions such as: "Can virtue be taught?" This question is examined in detail throughout Plato's Meno, and although the play leaves the question as to what virtue is unanswered, Socrates attempts an answer to Meno's question. Although he is not particularly keen on answering whether virtue can be taught without first having a complete understanding of what virtue is, he attempts to please Meno by solving this in the way that geometers conduct their investigations, through a hypothesis. Socrates states that if indeed virtue can be taught then one thing will happen, and if it cannot a different thing will happen. In the end of the play, the conclusion is reached that virtue is a gift from the gods. Now the question must be asked: how was this conclusion reached in relationship to Socrates' previous hypothesis? It is thought by Meno that men cannot be taught anything but knowledge, therefore, virtue must be a kind of knowledge in order to be taught. This corresponds with the hypothesis because the conclusion can be reached that, if virtue is knowledge then it can be taught, but if it is not knowledge then it is impossible to teach. However, this leads to a new question that must be answered before a conclusion can be reached: is virtue knowledge? It is later stated that, if knowledge includes all aspects of realit...

Essay on Double Standards in The Taming of the Shrew :: Taming Shrew Essays

Double Standards in The Taming of the Shrew    A very prominent theme in Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew is society's double standards of men and women. In the play, Katherina is a very free-willed, independent woman who wishes to follow her own path in life and is not dependent on a man for her happiness. Petruchio is also free-willed, independent and speaks his mind freely. However, where Petruchio is praised for these characteristics, Katherina is scorned and called names. Petruchio is manly and Katherina is bitchy for the same traits.    This is seen in popular cultural too often than is comfortable for such an advanced modern culture as ours. Women who are ambitious are seen as bitchy and conniving while men are seen as ambitious. Examples can be found in politics and entertainment. Prominent figures such as Senator Hillary Rodham-Clinton and former Attorney General Janet Reno, were forced to take a more masculine persona, because people were so threatened by their power. Senator Clinton was always seen as a woman to be watched, just because she wanted her own life while her husband governed the country. She was even criticized for keeping her maiden name instead of dropping it in lieu of the traditional husband's name.    In the entertainment industry stereotypes of what women should be. Women of power like Oprah Winfrey are found threatening to this. Rosie O'Donnell was chastised for proclaiming her political views on her television show. When she stated her opinion about gun control to prominent NRA advocate Tom Selleck she was considered bitchy for stating her opinion, even though he did the same thing. On the television show, ER, Kerry Wheeler is considered a bitch for being a strong character and boss, while her co-worker, Mark Green can be equally headstrong and difficult but is considered determined. Comedian Roseanne has always been ridiculed for being brash with her opinions, where male comedians like Chris Rock are hailed. When a woman may celebrate her sexuality and be open with it, she will be called a slut, but if a man sleeps around he can still be a hero - President John F. Kennedy and Wilt Chamberlain, a few examples.    When you use the word feminine you naturally think of demure, quiet, pretty, pastel, and motherly. Strong, ambitious, athletic, powerful and opinionated never come to mind. And, it seems, because the woman is not to speak up for herself it is okay to say hurtful things in front of them.

Mydin Hypermarket Essay

How MYDIN grew from a small grocery shop till a Multi-Billion Ringgit Retail Chain MYDIN business activity is in retailing and wholesaling. The products range from food line, household, soft-lines and hard-lines items. Hard-line products include hardware, electrical, stationery, porcelain and toys. Whilst soft-line comprises of textiles and fabrics products. Food line includes confectionery, drinks and beverages, delicatessen and dairy products. In their early years of operations, MYDIN’s focus has always been in the non-food sector until they bought over the first supermarket in Selayang in 1997. Each of the branches has their own business category, based on the capacity of goods traded. The category comprises hypermarket, emporium, minimarket, convenience shop, franchise store and bazaar. Currently, MYDIN operates more than 90 outlets nationwide inclusive of 16 hypermarkets, 16 emporiums, 3 bazaars, 48 minimarkets (MyMydin), 8 convenience shops (MyMart) and 6 franchise outlets (Mydin Mart). Each of the hypermarkets is located in MYDIN Mall. Above all, MYDIN operates its business based on ‘Halal’ concepts and stresses on honesty, sincerity and good discipline in all aspects of its business. Company Vision MYDIN is the world’s leading distributor of competitive â€Å"Halal† goods and services Company Mission We aim to be the leading wholesale and retail company by providing the best value, wide assortment of goods and continuous excellence based on our business formula Source: http://www.mydin.com.my/mydin/about-mydin

Reader Respond to Short Story We Might as Well Be Stranger

A Responds to a Short Story Entitled â€Å"We Might As Well Be Strangers† by M. E Kerr Sofyan Widianto 0909032 English Literature Indonesia University of Education 2012 Based on my understanding to the short story Entitled â€Å"We Might As Well Be Strangers† written by M. E Kerr, after close reading and deep thinking to the short story I bravely assume that the short story shows the independency of a woman. The independency of a woman is shown through the main character in this story. The main problem in this short story discusses about Alison that isdescribed as a teenage girl who is lesbian to Laura, her best friend.It will be explained in the textual evidences below. â€Å" No, that’s first. Frist am going to say that there was no need to announce it. You think I don’t know what’s going on with you and Laura? I don’t need eyes in the back of my head to figure that out†. â€Å"I can’t do anything about it, can I? I see it ev ery time you bring her here. I would like to believe it’s a stage you’re going trhought, but from what I’ve read and heard it isn’t†. The certain conversations above are the speech that are told by Alison’s mother that indicate that Alison is a lesbian.It’s also supported by the speech of Alison Grand mother. We can see on the textual evidance below. â€Å"So you don’t have to tell me about what it feels like to be an outsider. You don’t have to tell me about prejudice. But, Alison, I thank you for telling me about your self. I’m proud that you told me first. † Both of speech acts told and emphasize implicitly about Alison identity as a lesbian. As the explanations before that in this story Alison represent the independency of a woman, Alison decides to choose her own way to be a lesbian.It is shown in the conversation between she and her mother. We can see it from the Alison speech trough the conversation b etween she and her mother. â€Å" mom it’s not a choice. Was is a choise when you felt in love with Dad? † â€Å"most definetly i chose him! † We can see that Alisson starts to chalange her mother about a logical opinion about love. Lets see the other interesting on the conversation below. â€Å" So what if the world was different, and men loved men and women loved women, but where still you? What would you do?My mother shrugged. â€Å"Find another world, I guess. † â€Å"So that’s what I did. I found another World†. From the speech from Alisson above it obviously shows the independency of her to make a descion to her own life. She says that words to her mother explicitly. For me, that speech is the most powerful evidence of Alison, and it indicates the independency of her. From the explanation above i bravely conclude that the potray Alison in this short story represents the independency of women to decide and to choose what women really w ant to do.

Patient’s Rights In Practice Essay

In the field of healthcare, patients have several rights they can or should utilize in order to receive the maximum benefit out of the treatment they receive. The patient should be thoroughly evaluated and one should make sure that all their rights and responsibilities are respected. However, we should also be aware that there is more than just accepting the rights and responsibilities of the patient. The decision made by the healthcare professionals should be legal and ethical in every sense. In my study, I present a case of a 14-year old girl (let’s name her Sara) who was presented to the hospital when she was found with cramps. Unfortunately, upon ultrasound scanning, it was revealed that she was pregnant. The pregnancy was ectopic. She was obviously hesitating to reveal this to her mother and she planned to undergo the surgery by signing the legal consent herself. However, the girl being underage, consent is definitely an issue as one has to be 18 years old or more to sign the legal consent. There are pros and cons of the issue here that will be discussed elaborately based on several evident journals supporting my arguments. As stated earlier, it is absolutely essential to make the patient aware of his or her rights and in our case, Sara is negligent regarding her rights as she is underage (14 years old). How has she really utilized her rights and what rights she didn’t utilize that could have benefited her? The first right that Sara had utilized correctly was the right to use the free hospital services as a public patient. The second right that can be applied in Sara’s case is her right to be treated with respect, dignity and consideration without taking into consideration of her age, gender, religion or culture. The third right that can be applied is the right to information where she can choose either to be a private patient or a public patient. The fourth right that is applicable in Sara’s case is her right to treatment based on how unwell she is. The fifth right that fits into Sara’s description is her right to participate in making her own decisions regarding the healthcare. Sara also has the right to learn more information about her treatment and risks in her own way so that it is easy for her to understand. This can be regarded as her sixth right. Her right to give permission for the treatment can be her seventh right and Sara’s eighth right is her right to keep her information confidential and private (Queensland Health Public Patient’s Charter, 2002). While all her rights have been outlined above thoroughly, let’s look into each and elaborate into each concept by supporting the arguments as well with examples. Each right mentioned above conforms with her age and her right to treatment. In the first right, she gains access to free health services from the hospital which is absolutely vital as she is a resident and under the program she is insured in, she is entitled for benefits. The second right is her right to treatment irrespective of her age and other attributes. Obviously, Sara is underage and by no means does her current age status deprive her from receiving the right medical treatment. The third right that has been explained above is her right to be a public or a private patient. She can pay her own bills or have Medicare pay for her. Since she is underage, this right will apply but as a public patient as private patient right makes no sense in her case as she is not earning (or her financial dispositions have not been displayed). Sara’s fourth right is her right to treatment based on her condition diagnosed, which again, fits into her category. Her right to treatment here is a surgery for her ectopic pregnancy and that should be done at the right time. The suggestion given by the health professionals is accurate and therefore, she can proceed with the treatment whenever she wishes (Queensland Health Public Patient’s Charter, 2002). Sara’s fifth right is to choose the kind of healthcare treatment she wants to proceed with. Obviously, in her case, we see that she is negligent regarding this right. However, the healthcare professionals such as the nurses or physicians may advice her (only) regarding her options. Sara’s sixth right, as entitled, is to learn more information about the treatment in her own way. In her case, it would be a simplified language (and not in medical terms) to explain what has actually happened to her and what she has to do for her ectopic pregnancy. Sara’s seventh right is her right to give permission for the treatment. She can refuse or accept to perform the surgery but as in her case, a surgery is absolutely essential as she has an ectopic pregnancy but if she refuses to do so, the healthcare professionals or physicians cannot force her into changing her decision and granting them the permission to pursue with the surgery. And finally, Sara has the right to keep her information confidential. Since she doesn’t want her mother to know about her pregnancy, any information about her pregnancy and surgery should be kept strictly confidential unless absolutely necessary to reveal, only by the patient’s permission (Queensland Health Public Patient’s Charter, 2002. All the patients have their own rights and thus they should be respected as well as taken care of without any sense of hostility towards them. Sara’s first right, as stated, is her right to use free hospital services as a public patient and accordingly, she has utilized her first right. Medicare was first introduced in Australia in the year 1984. Under the public sector of health financing, it has two vital functions, one of them being to cover the cost of public hospital care and other of medical physicians or practitioners. As quoted by the article below, â€Å"Under Medicare, all permanent Australian residents are entitled to free public hospital care when choosing to be public patients. Doctors who are appointed in the hospitals provide their medical treatment. State and territory governments provide public hospital services and work closely with the federal government and professional bodies to ensure that quality of care and appropriate standards are maintained†¦ Medicare also meets the bulk of costs for all out-of-hospital services such as general practitioner and specialist consultations. † (Australia Now, n. d. ). As per the quote above, Sara must have been insured under Medicare which is how she was able to proceed for the surgery or even gain access for the check-up where she was diagnosed for ectopic pregnancy. As the ICN code of ethics for nurses states in its preamble, Inherent in nursing is respect for human rights, including cultural rights, the right to life and choice, to dignity and to be treated with respect. Nursing care is respectful of and unrestricted by considerations of age, colour, creed, culture, disability or illness, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, politics, race or social status† (ICN code of ethics, 2005). Ethically and legally, Sara has utilized her rights and therefore, it is ethical and perfectly legal for the healthcare practitioners such as doctors or nurses to treat her in the way she should be treated. As the right and regulation itself states, there is no discrimination based on any attribute in terms of treatment or providing healthcare services. Her third right, as implied, is her right to be a public or private patient. In Sara’s case, there is hardly any choice as she cannot choose to be a private patient (because if you are a private patient, you pay your own bills and if you are a public patient, they can have Medicare to cover your costs). Regarding the healthcare services in Australia, there is absolutely no fee limit that is charged by the doctors and therefore, one has to be extremely careful when making such choices. However, Dr. Stephen Duckett states, â€Å"There is, however, a government-set fee schedule. Doctors can bill patients or send their bills directly to the government insurance authority, the Health Insurance Commission (HIC). If sent to the HIC, the payment is 85% of the government-set fee for out-of-hospital expenses and 75% of the government set fee for in-hospital services; the money is paid directly to the doctor, and the doctor is not allowed to charge the patient an additional fee. About 75% of family physician services are directly billed to the HIC. If a doctor bills the patient directly, the patient then applies for the rebate of the government set fee† (Duckett, 2004). Sara’s fourth right, as outlined previously, is her right for appropriate treatment for the diagnosed condition, which in her case, is ectopic pregnancy. According to Megan-Jane Johnstone, the patients have the right to appropriate case and thus she states in her book, â€Å"Bioethics: a nursing perspective†, â€Å"The right to have access to appropriate care is a second sense in which a right to health care can be claimed. This sense raises important questions concerning the cultural relativity or ethno-specificity of care and its ability to accommodate people’s personal preferences, health beliefs, health values and health practices. Failing to provide health care in an appropriate manner can have disastrous consequences (clinically, legally and morally)† (Johnston, 1999). Therefore, as stated by Megan-Jane, failing to provide inappropriate healthcare may lead to serious consequences and even lawsuits (when taking this in a legal perspective). The fifth right is Sara’s right is to choose the kind of healthcare treatment she wants to pursue with. The healthcare practitioners can only advise her on this matter and cannot force her to choose a particular kind of treatment. As suggested by her ultrasound test reports, Sara is diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy. In her case, the rights are her law. The law protects her rights. Since Sara has no option at all, she plans to proceed with the surgery of her ectopic pregnancy. According to code of ethics for nurses in Australia, as stated below, Nursing care is based on the development of a therapeutic relationship and the implementation and evaluation of therapeutic processes. Therapeutic processes include health promotion and education, counseling, nursing interventions and empowerment of individuals, families or groups to exercise maximum choice in relation to their health care† (ANMC, 2002). Sara’s sixth right states that the healthcare professionals should make her understand of her situation as well as treatment options in an easy-to-understand language. Ethically, it is the right thing to do as the healthcare professionals should make their patients aware of their health condition, its consequences and the treatment options in the easiest manner. In Sara’s case, we see that at a very young age, she is a patient with ectopic pregnancy and nothing except surgery can save her life from being ruined. According to Mary Ellen Trail Ross, â€Å"Nurses must frequently make arduous decisions when faced with ethical dilemmas that occur in clinical practice. Utilizing ethical principles for analyzing and reflecting on the issues may ease this difficult task. In addition, the nurse involved may experience less anxiety and uncertainty over whether or not the correct decision was made† (Ross, 1993). We have observed that the healthcare professionals (in Sara’s case) have respected her rights and have advised her for the most safest and viable option. The role of nurse is taken seriously in this regard as she is the one who takes extreme care in such delicate cases. Sara’s seventh right is her right to give or ask permission for the treatment. Before any treatment is initiated, her complete permission has to be sought. But here involves a complexity. Sara is underage and they should have legal consent from their guardians before performing or prescribing any medical treatment. Judith M. Cassells and Barbara K. Redman emphasize on the ethical dilemmas when concerning the informed consent. In the practice, a nurse should take into account the moral aspects of nursing care when arriving on any decision (Cassells & Redman, 1988). Applying values in order to come into a decision mostly works and therefore, Sara has been given the option for the surgery. According to her right, she can utilize her free will and sign on the legal consent form without any questions from the healthcare provider as her right entails her to do so. However, a legal consent from her guardian would have done her more good as it is essentially vital for someone who is close to her (as in relations) to be by her when this surgery would take place. Ethically and legally, what Sara is doing and has gone through the surgery is right but morally speaking, the presence of someone close would have helped the patient in a great way. Lastly, Sara has her right for privacy. Legally, yes. Ethically- the hospital, the hospital staff as well as the doctors and nurses are not allowed to reveal either. The information serves in the best interest of the patient and without the written consent of the patient, no information is revealed to any person, even if the person inquiring is a close relative. Geoffrey Hunt in his book, â€Å"Ethical issues in nursing† has stressed on maintaining the privacy as it helps in proper management of records and helps the patient be at ease regarding his or her health information (Hunt, 1994). While all her rights have been served and the ethical aspect of every right having been discussed, we have seen how the public patient charter issued by Queensland government helped in making public aware of their rights. The rights stated therein are the laws and the ethics involved stated here are from a nursing perspective. Marie T. Hilliard in her journal article, â€Å"Nursing, Ethics and Professional roles† states that there has always been a growing concern over the ethical codes and practice where nurses are involved but today, immense information has been highlighted for the public as well as the medical professionals in order to understand their practice, their laws as well as their ethics (Hilliard, 1990). Overall, the public charter has highlighted on the responsibilities and rights of the patient in a way that they are able to utilize it with full knowledge and are able to gain the maximum benefit out of it. Reference http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN016276.pdf http://icn.ch/icncode.pdf

Cross Cultural Field Experience

Cross cultural experiences can be defined in many different ways. Some people view these experiences as a way to interact with individuals who are diverse, often experiencing things one would not typically experience within their own culture. A cross cultural experience allows someone to share within another’s culture. These experiences can enrich the lives of those who participate by offering experience, knowledge, patience and an understanding into ones culture. Jesus Power Assembly of God I had the pleasure of attending a Sunday worship session on June 2, 2013 at Jesus Power Assembly of God. This church is a bible based and primarily immigrant church located in Columbus, Ohio and founded by Pastor Bismark Osei Akomeah. Reverend Akomeah is the Senior Pastor of Jesus Power Assembly of God church. He has planted four other Assemblies of God churches in Cincinnati and Georgia. He has also created French and Swahili speaking churches. First Impressions My daughter arranged this visit for us since she has a friend that attends the church. As soon as my daughter and I pulled into the parking lot I realized that this was going to be cultural experience for us. We were the only people in the whole church that were not dark skinned. We were starred at. There were whispers behind our backs. We were approached almost immediately by Pastor Bismark Osei Akomeah with welcome arms. I am sure he was wondering how we ended up finding our way into his church as the first thing he asked was if we were invited by a member. Hailey and I found our way into the sanctuary and took a seat in the back. Truthfully I wanted to make sure I could make a break if we needed to. The music and the singing were phenomenal! There was a choir and a band and there wasn’t anyone sitting in their seats. All were up and praising the word of God. The singing went on for a good amount of time before we actually started the sermon. The people were friendly and welcoming. We were approached several times and encouraged to move up closer to the front of the church. Many people came by and shook our hands and spoke to us. In fact, I actually felt more important and â€Å"loved† at this particular church than I have ever felt at any other church I have attended. The Sermon The sermon itself was given in both English and Swahili. The church has large screens in which the words to the sermon were put on so that people could follow along. It was an active service. I was especially surprised at the events for the day. The service started at 10 am with an opening prayer. There was praise and worship for 45 minutes which consisted of a combination of singing and talking. For about 10 minutes following the initial sermon there was time set aside for the welcoming of visitors. Each person took the microphone and said their names and identified how they came into the church. Hailey and I declined to take the microphone and all were understanding and sympathetic. Following the introductions of visitors, there were announcements for the church, more songs and music. The Pastor took the stage at about 11:15 with the sermon for the day. The sermon lasted for about an hour and a half. This was an extremely long service compared to what I am used to at a typical church service. When the sermon was completed there was an additional hour of praying, singing and the passing of the offering plate. The entire service from start to finish was 3 hours long! The one thing that was surprising to me was the difference in the length of the service compared to what I have experienced in the past. The longest service I have ever been a part of was an hour, at the most. These people spent almost the entire day together. Once the service was completed they went into another room in the basement and had a huge spread of food they shared. Church to this group of people was a family event. They prayed together, sang together and broke bread together. There is a clear difference between a Swahili service and a Lutheran or Christian service. Conclusion This experience was an emotional and eye opening event for me. I was able to share in another cultures religious experience and the group welcomed me with open arms. Sharing this experience with my teenage daughter was a valuable lesson for her as well. Although I have always raised my daughter to be accepting of all people regardless of color, religion or culture, she was able to immerse herself in another’s culture and see what it was like.

The strategic causes of the Korean war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The strategic causes of the Korean war - Essay Example ere apprehensive that the country under the control of the Japanese would limit the movement of the American soldiers in the region but the concern ended there. The Soviet Union looked to Korea more with a strategic eye. At the end of the war here was a division of the Korean peninsula at the time and the Russians took hold of the north peninsula which was an industrial sector and at the same time the United States of America took possession of the south which was more based in agriculture. Then in the year 1949 the two countries withdrew their men out of the region and leaving behind the locals (Srivastava, 2010)2. The North had a strong manned army which was trained by the soviet. Whereas on the other hand the South Korean had a relatively weaker and reduced army. Later when the Stalin led government in the Communist Russia saw that they could challenge the United States with the help of their nuclear technology the North Korean tried to strengthen ties with the Russians but were r ebuffed. To make matters worse, the American Secretary of State at the time, Acthinson, made a statement that the Korean region was close to the United States. This spurned the Russians to finally reply to the inclination of friendships being made by North Korea and even gave as acceptance of an attack on the south. However, the Russian government was given the impression by the authorities of North Korea that the war would last not more than a month. It has been stated that parties knew of the impending war that would occur but did not pay head to the warnings. Before the withdrawal of the two nations from the peninsula, there was molding that both the Russians and the Americans did in their respective potion of Korea. It was brought to the attention of the Americans that the Russians were creating a model of the communist state in North Korea and were using the system of the region to hide their real intentions (Schnabel, 1992, p. 24)3. This was an outrage for the Americans who were

Analysis of a Qualitative Research Report Essay

Analysis of a Qualitative Research Report - Essay Example Teachers are in the unique position of establishing a relationship with the student wherein the teach may feel obligated to protect the student. When a student dies, the teacher may feel responsible for that death to some degree. It is important for individuals in the nursing profession to identify the need for services to individuals in need. In so doing, individuals in the nursing profession can recommend services for all those involved utilizing a team approach. Essentially, when nurses identify the need for services, they can work with an interdisciplinary team which often includes social work staff, psychological services staff etc. A referral initiated by the nursing staff can be vital to ensuring teachers are provided with the appropriate services to assist them in the grieving process and assure that the teachers arrive at the point of acceptance and return to their lives free of guilt, anger and the other symptoms which accompany a loss. The purpose of this study was to examine the way in which teachers deal with the death of a student during the school year. This is significant to the field of nursing in that there is a very real possibility that a teacher who has experienced the death of a student will have to seek the assistance of a nurse or someone in the nursing profession was a direct result of the inability to cope with the death of a student. In seeking the assistance of a nurse, it is important for nurses to be aware of both the physical and psychological effects of having experience the death of a young person. In being aware of the effects, a nurse or someone in the nursing profession is able to make an informed decision with regards to the course of treatment as well as to engage the necessary professionals in rendering a continuum of services. iii) Research Question: What is the research question? If it is not stated, what would be the research question? In what way would you say that the question is

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 59

Reflection - Essay Example with fewer regulations concerning labor rights in order to produce products that are cheap with the aim of trying to remain competitive in the global market. Although cheap labor is one of the incentives that are making different companies to outsource their operations to Asian countries, there must be limits on how to use this labor. I was surprised that Nike kept stating that it was creating employment to poor countries while in reality; the firm was exploiting the local population and enhancing poverty in these regions. In addition, sweatshops were meant to ensure that money was distributed evenly to the laborers through high wages. On the contrary, the sweatshops were characterized by poor working conditions, low levels of environmental protection, and less attention to health and safety. Therefore, Nike Company was able to make immense profits on the expense of poor people in Indonesia, China, and Vietnam. I have been persuaded that companies have not been making the lives of the locals who are working in sweatshops any easier. This is because with the increasing levels of globalization resulting from liberalization of markets, efficient flow of information, and integration or economies the level of competition in the local market has increased tremendously. Many multinational companies such as Wal-Mart have also been found to have violated the labor rights in an attempt to offer the customers with high quality goods at very low prices. This is an indication that companies are targeting areas with fewer regulations in order to exploit child labor and pay low wages despite overworking these subordinates. I never thought that child labor still exists in the modern society. I thought that competition is healthy and it makes the company to be innovative. In addition, I thought that competition forces the companies to mechanize their operations and becomes more innovative. However, this session has enlightened me on the negative side of intense competition in

The place of animals in society is an important theme in wicked.Why Essay

The place of animals in society is an important theme in wicked.Why does Elphaba make it her mission to fight for animal right.How else does social class define - Essay Example The animals hurled themselves into the violent flow in an effort to escape certain death. Those who turned away from the effort remained grounded in their animal state, while those who actually achieved the goal of making it to the safety of the banks received the reward of sentience and consciousness. The element at work as far as Elphaba's mission to return the dignity of Animals taken away by the Wizard is that the Lurlinest religion was a matriarchal myth. Part of the Wizard's plan in ruling Oz is to deconstruct and explode the matriarchal tradition and impose a patriarchal one. The evolution from a matriarchy to patriarchy is the thematic underpinning that connects Elphaba to the Animals. "Elphaba looked like something between an animal and an Animal, like something more than life but not quite Life" (77). Both are outsiders, socially disruptive to the predominant ideals associated with the kind of fascist rule that marks the Wizard's reign.