Central venous catheter Essay Example for Free

Central venous catheter EssayHealthcare institutes today are facing a major problem with centrally-line- associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs). CLABSIs occur naturally and are the most potentially preventable source if morbidity. This research was conducted to see how central line bundles could be use to eliminate CLABSIs. According to the Sutter Roseville medical nub (SRMC), they have seven years of zero CLABSIs, by using a broader approach of the central line buddle rather then the conventional buddle required by the CDC (Harnage, 2012).The SRMCs, central line buddle is ease to use and failure proof as shown in figure 1 of the article (Harnage). This article explained how various component of the central line buddle were modified to achieve zero infection of CLABSIs by the SRMC. The most important point of this approach was elimination of infection through central lines. The mastery of this approach was base on the protocol implemented on dressing motley, catheter f lushing and periodical checking of all central lines. Dressing changes were done only when the localise was messes precisely with the protocol is done every 7 days and as needed, also the catheter lines were been flushed with normal saline then with heparin using a official pressure flush, but now flushing is done every 8 hours when not in use or before and after medication administration with 10ml of normal saline using a push and pause technique. Remember these lines can not be use if there is no blood return and the mandate checked.For this protocol to be effective, education and training was mandated for the register nurses, that is a one -on -one bedside training. The register nurses are the once using this line on a daily bases so training them on the use of this line were a major past in the infection control process. An aspect in the dressing change kit in was also nurse friendly in that all the supplies needed for the dressing change were place in a single package. By putting everything together it helped the nurse to easily access everything they need, because due to the many tasks the nurse needs to do, they may be tempted to bypass or skip simply preventive practices that are too time consuming.The nurses also had to document on a daily base on the diligent flow sheet how the site and dressing on the line look, thus making the nurses take responsibility and accountabit of the site. The main problem with this approach was that it wasnt cost effective. But according on research, CLABSIs cost from $21300 and $35000 to treat, thus avoiding infections can save most healthcare institute hundreds of thousands of pounds annually (Harnage).I will like everyone who reads this article to implement it because is a patient first culture approach and we as healthcare provide are there to provide care to patient and do no harm. With that say, my clinical convocation for NURS 210 at Grace Fairview have since this practice and protocol and have also partici pated in it implementation. So from experience I will follow the approach and push my register nurses colleague to do same because the benefits out weight the disadvantages.REFERENCE.Harnage, S. (2012) Seven years of zero central line associate bloodstream infections.British Journal of Nursing, 2012 (IVTHERAPY SUPPLEMENT),Vol 21, No 21

Pros and Cons on Money Essay Example for Free

Pros and Cons on currency EssayThis is a very sad image that has been painted of the human race. Not tout ensemble battalion are bullion grabbing bankers. in fact the majority of people are good-hearted, who are prepared to give away increasingly sm all in all small amounts of purposeless cash to help charities. They are willing to help. You cant blame corporations and bankers for doing what they are supposed to and that is make currency and turn a profit. In all ex alternates soul is selling a service and soul is buying a service. There is no rule that says you cannot make bullion from the transaction. What we can do though is to change the environment in which banks operate. For example laws stipulating how much profit can be made, how much of profit makes to go back to society. We can take responibility for our let destinies instead of gold leading us by the nose. As we develop technologically, research and development which leads to breakthroughs in all spheres of society cost money. The companies spending that money should surely be entitled to a return on their dropment. With away an incentive, in that location may be fall off in development.So, instead of only a few bastards getting away with doing nothing for money, now we will have everyone doing nothing for money. Sounds prominent, until you realize that the resources to run that scheme will soon run out and people will be forced to crap value by the motivation of fear and coercion, rather than by the desire to better their condition. This is exactly what derailed all tenderist states. What would such alternatives be? In the field of Economics, they have tried to measure Gross National Happiness as opposed to GDP and it created plain more problems. Only one country in the world has this as an index, due to problems of comparison between individuals cheer levels, criterion happiness and the fact that happiness levels are so easily influenced by somebodyal situations. The lack of any other sensible, comparable and ordinal alternative has meant that money is the only current measuring unit. What does greed got to do with money? Even without money, greed let off exists.,woman,man,love. Well, I doubt that its true though. First let us consider the point that money is of no real value.What about Gold? Gold itself is considered money. Money itself is divided into Fiat money and Commodity money. Even without parliamentary law money(paper money), people will still be able to use commodity money. Something similar to duty trade. Does crime still exist? i bet it will. Much more than it is now if fiat money is not used. What causes poverty itself is not the lack of money. It is the mentality of the people thats saying that i am poor, i wont become rich, i dont withdraw money, money is the spread-eagle of all evil-minded. These are the mentality that causes poverty. And besides, i think u should clearly understand what all mean,it means nearly everything or everything.So,first of all,theres no doubt that you can not count how many evils are there in this world,that means your 90% is impossible to prove your pointand if you are right,is that withal mean you agree withtheres no evil during the time when the money havent been invented?KIDDING Money can be donated to a good cause.Like it or loathe it, cultivated society cannot function without money, therefore it has to stay. Money can also be used to do alot of good also. For example, millions of Britains donate money to various charities each stratum to help those that are less fortunate. Comic Reilef raises tens of millions of pounds for its causes, therefore money is not all about pursuing it for the individual, many people activley share thier wealth, redistributing it to those that really need it. If money does not exist, barter trade does exist which will also leads to donation if one have an excess of goods and services. Therefore i dont think that the intelligence service dona te will not occurNo, because some evil clearly nothing to do with moneyThere are many radixs to acts that would be considered evil I will assume this means actions that harm others or denigrate the self, but the concept of evil itself is by no means transparent that are nothing to do with money. For instance, a murder might be motivated by anger, a rape by uncontrollable lust, bullying and diversity by ignorance. You dont need money to commit a crime. You need a big rock or stick to murder someone. You need the other person not to notice to steal something from someone. Crime has been happening before a monetary system. Religion has also led to a lot of destruction since a long time. Not only this even the greatest of problems dont have their root cause as money.The biggest example being Taliban.Why are they attacking people, they are not getting money from it but it is because they want blood, killing of Indians and Americans. This is called racism. So money is not the root ca use of all evil.No, because Money is not the root of all evil. The lack of money is the root of all evil. I respect both sides and I understand why many people believe that money is the root of all evil. But I have to disagree. The lack of money is the root of all evil. Back in the history of mankind, before money was invented, we bartered. Money was the yield of hardworking process. Bear in mind that criminals are all born in poverty and some of them live in poverty. The fear of lacking money haunts them constantly. It is the fear of not being able to feed themselves and their families that make them commit unthinkable crimes. If money is evil, could you live in a world without money? If greed or desire is evil, have you ever wanted something that is not yours? Any of you ever want an Iphone? Any of you can live without computer, electricity and all of current comfort? If you think money is the root of all evil, Id bid to recommend the Communist Manifesto for you.Marx talked abo ut an utopia society in which people work ground on their ability and get rewarded base on their needs. Money would not be needed. I like to ask those who think money is not necessary to point out a successful communist example. Im from a communist, aka socialist, country. And we are moving toward a capitalistic market. I strongly believe that if you dont work for yourself, zip will. Money motivates people to work harder, smarter. Would there be light bub if Edison work for just bread and milk only? You might say those riches make unnecessary getting richer without giving away their money to the poor. Id like to ask you Why the rich keep getting richer and the poor keep getting poorer? If you date the oppugn somewhat interesting please spend sometimes read the book Rich Dad, Poor Dad. It changed a poor college students way of thinking, I hope it will be helpful too. Money is not the root of all evil. The lack of money is the root of all evil.Money represents positive valueIt i s a great American contribution to world culture, that they have coined the phrase to make money. Money is made, by effort of muscle, willpower, and intelect. There can be no society undisturbed entirely of thieves, as there will be no value to steal. Money represents the confidence of parties that the value of their efforts can be traded for the value of others efforts. It is a cognizance of the importance of society based on trade, rather than the only real alternative violence. To be clear, money contributed to charity is also traded, for the value of achieving a social goal this in contrast to taxes, which are forcefully taken.No, because Money is the end product of what you didMoney is the end product of something that you did that you think its enjoyable to you. For example, if someone started invest into a company or firms, it is because of the excitement not because of money. It is the excitement that make people invest and this excitement will leads to the end product, m oney. Therefore there is no reason to say that money is the root of all evil. Money is just the end product of what you did that excite you No, because Originally, Money was the solution to the problems(/inefficiencies in transactions) arising out of barter exchange system.Read on the history of money. Originally, Money was the solution to the problems(/inefficiencies in transactions) arising out of barter exchange system. Ex In barter exchange there had to be a double co-incidence of wants. A man selling milk who wanted to buy rice had to find someone selling rice scatty milk. GOOD LORD Just imagine how time-consuming frustrating. Also, there was a need for a standard to objectively measure the value of all types of goods like cows, milk, foodgrains, clothes, ornaments, etc. Imagine feelings of doubt being cheated arising out of selling 1 kg rice in exchange of 3 litres milk (when later you met someone offering you 4 litres in exchange for the same value) Moreover, money is the best most liquid store of value has legal tender so you march someone legally if cheated.Money solved the problem also avoided all the confusion. Money is an indispensable part of our lives. Money has to be earned The root of evil is people who want the unearned money. Saying MONEY IS THE ROOT OF ALL EVIL is like blaming your tools its very embarrassing. A similar statement Computers (or tech) is a curse. Ex You condemn the car for it lead to a terrible accident you landed up in hospital. So is car the cause of the accident? Or are there other things to consider- like did you repair maintain it regularly? Why did you buy it? Were you drunk? Were you daydreaming while driving? Did another car impress yours?Id say that anyone with minimal level of intelligence should get the gist of it should be in a position to discern the fact that car per se didnt create the problem. In the accident scene, car was the passive factor while the man driving it was an active factor another c ar hitting it was the causal factor. Money too is a passive factor. How you approach it makes all the difference Just as how you use Internet Computer decides whether it be a curse or a boon. My smartass opponent may say car was purchased with money- so again money is the root of all evil. Alright then, could you dispense with your car? Could you dispense with anything else having money value? But this is different issue altogether.No, because Money cant be dispensed with see the essence of of what I mean by money anything that is or acts as money i.e. anything that performs the recognized functions of money or serves the recognized purpose of money. Id quote a definition Money is a good that acts as a medium of exchange in transactions. Classically it is said that money acts as a unit of account, a store of value, and a medium of exchange. Most authors find that the first two are nonessential properties that follow from the third. In fact, other goods are often better than money at being intertemporal stores of value, since most monies sink in value over time through inflation or the overthrow of governments. Now think can you do without money? Do you wanna go back to the days for barter system? Imagine no banks, no recognized/ standard medium to transact.No, because Theres no such thing as the root of evilEvil can take different forms types and also has different causes most of them-psychological.

Modernity in Japan: 1910-1920

modernity in Japan 1910-1920How did modifys to Japanese social functiony in the 1910s and 1920s make contemporaneousness a lived experience?Japanese alliance, much like with other societies, has seen umpteen another(prenominal) changes over the course of history. Due to Western influence, it washbasin be argued that changes to Japanese society and way of life became more prominent from the nineteenth century onwards as the rest of the world changed, Japan did as well. Despite initial fears about a Westernized society, change still occurred. As well as this, it is often proposed that Japanese society in the 1910s and 1920s alike underwent a great amount of change, especially after the First World War. Whether or not these changes had a decreed impact on society form debatable, as interpretations of Japan during this plosive are continuously changing.1 The change to society, as well as the economy, was brought about due to industrialization during the time which affected m any other countries as well as Japan. Japan saw an increase in population single outially because of industrialization, as the population had grown from 35 gazillion in 1872 to 55 million by 1920.2 By 1908 the population of Tokyo had risen to 2 million.3 As it is evident that various groups of society experienced change due to this, the question remains to what extent were these groups effected by industrialization and the changes to Japanese society? This essay shall explore the various changes that assorted groups in society faced, as well as whether or not these changes were drastic or not.When looking at the history of Japan, especially when looking at a period of great change, it is important to note that on that point are many antithetic opinions on how the changes to Japanese society impacted different neighborly groups. As previously mentioned, Waswo states that interpretations on Japan are continuously changing and evolving. Andrew Gordon argues that the lives of men and women were extremely different, as well as the lives of the clownish population and those in the cities.4 This appears to be concur by many other historians, as the differences between urban Japan and rural Japan are very different indeed. Totman writes that young men, the rural population, the industrial working chassis, and women were expressing anger during this period, resulting in protests from many.5 From these two statements it can be safe to assume that despite initial romanticism of this period, there were many effortfulships for those who werent part of the social elite. Much like in other nations, the working-class struggled to keep up with this idea of modernity, mostly due to the lack of money and the attitudes of the political science at the time. Gordon too writes that in the 1920s the countryside was a troubled place,6 most likely due to troubles concerning landlords. Life during this period was not easy for many according to historians, with each part of Japan experiencing modernity in different ways.The lives of women during the 1910s and 1920s were, for the most part, full of challenges. Working-class women appeared to struggle the most. Despite beliefs about womens lives at that time, prostitution was a rotund enigma within Japan. While brothel prostitution had begun to decline in many European states, in Japan it was a growing industry, especially in the 1920s.7 The idea of prostitution and sex work was far from modern, and Garon explains that Tokyos policies towards prostitutes at time would potentially embarrass the government inter subject arealy.8 While prostitutes in Japan had to be pass in tack to work, this did not prevent it becoming a large problem. Geisha, as trained performers, were not allowed to engage in sexual acts by 1929, save, it was estimated that triad quarters of geisha were doing so.9 Prostitutes came from the poorest parts of society, with most coming from the families of recruiters and laborers. Ma ny of these women did not have any form of education, with 13 per cent of licensed prostitutes in 1924 neer attending school.10 By 1925, one-in-thirty women between the ages of 18 and 29 had become involved with prostitution, with licensed prostitutes working in brothels and others working wherever they could.11 Indeed, it is clear that prostitution was a large problem in Japan during the 1910s and 1920s, and little was done to combat it until the 1940s. Despite problems with prostitution, protests for womens rights during this period were also prominent. The idea of womens rights is seen as modern by many, in general due to the fact that the idea of equal rights for both men and women is associated with a modern state. Activists began to emerge, with names such as It Noe becoming well-known. Although many Japanese women began to get by for equal rights, Yamada Waka noted that many of the problems these women faced were essentially bourgeois concerns there was no real confrontat ion concerning the conditions of working-class women who worked in the mines, textiles industry, or sex industry.12 Regardless, many middle- and upper-class women went on to higher education despite being excluded from male institutions, and these women soon began to join the clerical workforce, such as teaching and nursing.13 As a result of this, by the mid-1920s a third of all teachers were women, and while in 1914 there were only 14,000 nurses by 1924 there were 42,000 nurses in the workforce.14 The situation for women during the 1910s and 1920s was vastly different depending on social class. Whilst many working-class women were inevitably forced into prostitution, middle- and upper-class women began to experience the working world like never before, through nursing and teaching. It can be argued that while the middle- and upper-class women of Japan fit this criteria of a modern state, working-class women were the opposite. Each woman, therefore, experienced this idea of moder nity in different ways. upper-class women seeing the positive.As previously discussed, the middle-class in Japan appeared to be thriving off of this new idea of modernity in the 1910s and 1920s. However, it should be noted that a middle-class was not officially recognised by the government until after the First World War after the urban white-collar population began to grow.15 Although the definition of middle-class was still somewhat uncertain during this period, the idea of what a home was began to change, especially for this new class. As the structure of homes took on different forms, with chairs and tatami mats now appearing within homes.16 These homes, which were now being inhabited by this new middle-class, were more Western than traditional Japanese homes, meaning that this new class embraced the idea of modernity and Westernization. Homes were not the only thing to be Westernized. During the Meiji restoration, although there was resistance, many members of the Japanese uppe r-class changed their way of dress and lifestyle. Though this was not as prominent, a few members of the middle-class adapted this way of life. As Japan was a family-based society (katei honi), family and home remained an important part of life.17 Many middle-class businesses, which were in the first place small home-based businesses, were family operations that meant that wives could work alongside their husbands for the first time.18 As previously mentioned, during the 1910s and 1920s many women began to work in various areas of work such as nursing and teaching. Many middle-class daughters worked as typists, though pay was much less than that of men.19 While today unequal pay is not seen as modern, the middle-class evidently embraced other aspects of a modern society. With consumerism depending mainly on the middle- and upper-classes, surgical incision stores began to flourish around Japan. Department stores were mainly located near train station in urban areas such as Tokyo and Osaka and were a new way to enjoy the fruits of ones labor, especially for families whose husbands worked in salaried middle-class jobs..20 Imported products do appearances in department stores, such as clothing and cosmetics. Department stores quickly became a central part of life, especially for the middle-class who could afford the luxuries offered at the department stores.21 Overall, it can be safe to assume that the middle-class fit the criteria of modernity quite well. As the middle-class progressed, meaning that architecture and lifestyles changed, so did Japan. Although there was a fear that quick progression would lead to Japanese tradition disappearing, this was not the case this can be demonstrated by Japanese family ideals during this period, which for the most part remained mainly unchanged.Unlike the middle-class, it is argued that the working-class of Japan faced many more hardships and challenges during the 1910s and 1920s. Urbanization and industrialization meant that the number of factory workers increased, though this did not come without problems. by and by the war there was an increase in demand for skilled labor, especially men, in heavy industries.22 With an increase in labor came an increase in strikes. surrounded by 1914 and 1918 the number of strikes had risen to 417, though these were not often resolved.23 Whilst wages rose, rising prices and profits meant that the rise in wages did little to help workers live comfortably. By 1919, the number of labor disputes rose to 2388 following a series of wage cuts and lay-offs the year before.24 Although the main attitude towards workers during this period was that they were selfish, some politicians thought that it would be silk hat to improve their conditions. For example, Kenseikai-Minseit leaders agreed that adopting new policies would help restore social peace, and during the 1920s the Diet introduced social welfare laws to help the working class. A national health insurance law, mi nimum age law, and additions to the original factory law were also introduced.25 Despite the issues that the urban working-class faced, it can be agreed that there was some reform in order to help improve their conditions. Though it is argued that many factory owners wished to aid workers in their own way, many workers did receive offend working conditions during the 1920s. This reform, in some ways, can be seen as modernization. However, Duus notes that many of those who moved to urban areas soon moved back to the countryside during times of distress. There they shew that conditions in rural Japan were no interrupt than they had been back in the city, if not even worse.26 It can be proposed that even though the life of a working-class citizen was difficult, there was some attempt at reform and modernizing Japanese industries to what extent, however, depends solely on the individual factory and industry. Life in the city, arguably, was much better than it was in the country.Accor ding to Gordon, by the 1920s the Japanese countryside was a troubled place,27 and this was mainly due to the changes surrounding landlords and land. Independent farmers transferred land to landlords meant that mainstay owner-farmers (chken jisakun) had small plots of land to work with or ended up becoming tenants.28 Tenants were seen as socially inferior to landloards, and were expected to move aside if encountered by someone with a superior social status on roads or footpaths.29 The idea of the socially inferior performing such actions is, to many, not seen as modern. It is due to this that it is argued that rural Japan was behind the urbanized areas, which were rapidly changing. While agriculture was a key industry in Japan, by 1920 it fell into a depression. Many farmers began to struggle, and by 1929 it is estimated that nearly 40 per cent of farm households had to rely on sericulture for extra income.30 This could have also contributed to the idea that rural Japan was not hav ing a positive experience with modernity. Rice and silk prices continuously dropped throughout the 1920s, meaning that many farmers faced a continuous struggle to pay rent and buy food. There were disputes with landlords concerning weighty rent in the mid-1920s, though politicians remained mainly silent on the issue in the country. As imported goods became more common and the demand for exports declined, 5.5 million farm families continued to struggle half the population could not live properly.31 Although the government eventually tried to help, their policy of increased subsidies did very little to help and the problem surrounding agriculture became much more serious towards the end of the 1920s. Rural Japan had some clear problems concerning landlords and income, though it can be proposed that as the government were more focused on helping these new modern cities flourish they did little to help the rural areas of Japan. Due to this, it is highly probable that many of those who lived in rural Japan saw modernity as a threat, meaning that they felt alienated and did not like the idea of modernity.The many changes to Japanese society during the 1910s and 1920s did, overall, have a large impact on all aspects of life in the 1910s and 1920s. While little was being done in order to aid the working-class, which inevitably resulted in strikes and protests, the middle- and upper-classes appeared to be thriving on the introduction of modernity. The working-class and rural population struggled with wages and fair treatment, something that is not necessarily associated with a modern state, though the middle-class did not appear to have this problem. Womens rights had emerged and white-collar employment was on the rise. Many middle- and upper-class families also adapted to this idea of modernity and Westernization, meaning that for many their way of life changed, from their eating habits to their clothing. In Japan during the 1910s and 1920s, modernization had a diffe rent impact in different parts of society. It is hard to tell whether or not the modernization of Japan was a positive or not when looking at the country as a whole, however it can be argued that the middle- and upper-classes were effected by modernity much more positively than the rural population and the working-class.BibliographySecondary sourcesAnderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities, London, 2016.Beasley, W. G. The Rise of innovational Japan, Oxon, 2011.Duus, Peter. advanced(a) Japan, Boston, 1998.Gluck, Carol. Japans Modern Myths, radical Jersey, 1985.Gordon, Andrew. A Modern recital of Japan, bleak York, 2014.Gordon, Sheldon. Molding Japanese Minds The State in commonplace Life, New Jersey, 1997.Holcombe, Charles. A History of East Asia, New York, 2011.Low, Morris (ed.). Building a Modern Japan, New York, 2005.Sand, Jordan. House and Home in Modern Japan, Massachusetts, 2003.Tipton, Elise K. and Clark, John (eds.). Being Modern in Japan, Sydney, 2000.Totman, Conrad. A History of Japan, New Jersey, 2005.Waswo, Ann. Modern Japanese Society, Oxford, 1996.1 Waswo, Ann. Modern Japanese Society, p. 95.2 Waswo, Ann. Modern Japanese Society, p. 57.3 Gluck, Carol. Japans Modern Myths, p. 159.4 Gordon, Andrew. A Modern History of Japan, p. 139.5 Totman, Conrad. A History of Japan, p.p. 390-391.6 Gordon, Andrew. A Modern History of Japan, p. 144.7 Garon, Sheldon. Molding Japanese Minds The State in Everyday Life, p. 93.8 Garon, Sheldon. Molding Japanese Minds The State in Everyday Life, p. 88.9 Garon, Sheldon. Molding Japanese Minds The State in Everyday Life, p. 92.10 Garon, Sheldon. Molding Japanese Minds The State in Everyday Life, p. 94.11 Garon, Sheldon. Molding Japanese Minds The State in Everyday Life, p. 94.12 Totman, Conrad. A History of Japan, p. 393.13 Totman, Conrad. A History of Japan, p. 393.14 Totman, Conrad. A History of Japan, p. 393.15 Sand, Jordan. House and Home in Modern Japan, p. 162.16 Sand, Jordan. House and Home in Modern Japan, p. 163.17 Sand, Jordan. House and Home in Modern Japan, p. 165.18 Gordon, Andrew. A Modern History of Japan, p. 148.19 Gordon, Andrew. A Modern History of Japan, p.p. 149-150.20 Gordon, Andrew. A Modern History of Japan, p.p. 154-155.21 Gordon, Andrew. A Modern History of Japan, p. 154.22 Duus, Peter. Modern Japan, p. 190.23 Duus, Peter. Modern Japan, p.p. 190-191.24 Duus, Peter. Modern Japan, p. 191.25 Duus, Peter. Modern Japan, p. 192.26 Duus, Peter. Modern Japan, p. 193.27 Gordon, Andrew. A Modern History of Japan, p. 144.28 Gluck, Carol. Japans Modern Myths, p. 188.29 Waswo, Ann. Modern Japanese Society, p. 66.30 Duus, Peter. Modern Japan, p. 195.31 Duus, Peter. Modern Japan, p. 195.

Development Of The Modern Atomic Theory Philosophy Essay

Development Of The red-brick Atomic Theory Philosophy EssayThe Modern Atomic Theory states that 1. Atoms are no longer considered indivisible or indestructible 2. Atoms of the same(p) element tolerate have various weights and subdivisions of antithetic elements can have the same weight 3. Atoms are the humbleest particles that take part in chemical reactions and 4. Atoms do not always have to combine in wide ratios (Wiz IQ). The development of this theory can be contri stilled to the works of John Dalton, J.J. Thomson, Robert Millikan, Ernest Rutherford, heat content Moseley, Niels Bohr, Gary Motherfucking Oak, and Sir James Chadwick.John Dalton was the first scientist to propose a version of the modern nuclear theory. He based his nuclear theory off of ancient Greek philosophers theories on instalments, although his theory was much more accurate than theirs. Dalton did not have any(prenominal) experimental designs for his theory, but he did have a lot of quality research. He proposed a standard symbol for each element (right). He give that chemical elements were composed of components, and that the atoms in one element were all identical in weight, but atoms of different elements had different weights (Atomic Theory). John Dalton was able to prove this discipline because of his development of a method used to find nuclear weights. He also rig that atoms only combined in small whole-number ratios. This information is connect to the formulation of the Law of Multiple Proportions (Historical Outline). The Law of Multiple Proportions states that when two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the fortune of one element and the upsurge of the other element are in a ratio of small whole numbers. He created the Law of Multiple Proportions as he was experimenting with finding the atomic weights of elements (Britannica). With all of his work, John Dalton came up with his own atomic theory. It stated that 1. Matter is made up of very small , indivisible parts known as atoms 2. Atoms of the same element are identical in every way 3. Atoms of different elements are different in all ways 4. When atoms of the same or different element combine they form compound atoms 5. When combined, they do so in simple, whole-number ratios 6. An atom is the smallest particle to have a part in chemical reactions and 7. An atom can neither be created nor destroyed (Wiz IQ).When J.J Thomson was only 14 years when he enrolled at Owens College, Manchester. He consequently went on to become a married person of Trinity College, after that he became a prof at Cambridge. As a professor, Thomson made a few trips to America, and when he returned, he made the near brilliant discovery of his career. Thomson had discovered the electron. While he was on another trip to America, he lectured on some things he thought the structure of an atom would be (Thomson Nobel Prize). Before him, Dalton had done a lot of research with atoms, but his theory had nothing about the physical and internal structures of atoms. The evidence that led him to imagine Daltons theory was not the most accurate was his own discovery of the electron, or negatively charged particles (Historical Outline). Thomson discovered the electron while experimenting with cathode rays he concluded that a cathode ray is a stream of negatively charged particles that has a mess about 1000 times smaller than a hydrogen atom. With this information he proposed that cathode rays are streams of particles much smaller than atoms, and that theses small particles were pieces of atoms (American Institute of Physics). In 1904, Thomson made a model of what he believed the internal structure of an atom looked like (Chemical inheritance Foundation). He called this model, Plum Pudding, because there was a positively charged bowl with negatively charged electrons in the atom that were like plums in pudding (History of Atoms).Robert Millikan grew up in rural America as the son of Rev erend Silas Millikan. He attended Oberlin College. After he graduated, he taught elementary physics. He became a professor at the University of Chicago after being a teacher in every grade level. Millikan made many advancements in his career, but by far, his superlative discovery was that of the charge of an electron. Millikan determined the unit charge of the electron Thomson discovered (Millikan Nobel Prize). With the unit charge of the electron, the mass of electrons and positively charged atoms could be calculated. He found the unit charge of the electron by using his oil drop experiment. In the oil drop experiment, Millikan dropped oil drops a certain outmatch in air and measured how long it took the drop to fall. Then he turned on an electric field, and measured how long it took for the oil drops to rise the same distance upward. With the two times-up and down-of the oil drops, Millikan could find the mass of the drop of oil and its total charge. Sometimes the charge of the oil drop would change and he concluded that these changes were small multiples of e, an important unit charge (Franklin).Ernest Rutherford grew up with a father who was a wheelwright and a mother who was a schoolteacher. When he was 16, Rutherford entered Nelson Collegiate School then went on to study at the University of New Zealand, where he earned a masters degree in mathematics and physics. Rutherford was awarded the Exhibition Science Scholarship, which enabled him to study at Trinity College where he would work closely with Thomson, the man who discovered the electron and found that atoms were made of electrons. Another Scientist who did work with atoms was Millikan did who found the charge of an electron Rutherford went in depth to find a more accurate depiction of the internal structure of an atom and how the electrons play a role in its structure (Rutherford Nobel Prize). He experimented with alpha rays and concluded, with their help, that the atom was a small, heavy nucleu s with electrons in field of force around it. Rutherford developed a model of this atom with a nucleus and orbiting electrons the portraying to the right is the Rutherford model. This would become the base for the model that is still accepted today (Atomic Theory). Besides stating that electrons orbit a nucleus, Rutherford also discovered the proton, which makes up the nucleus of a hydrogen atom. He found that a proton has a single positive electric charge, and that every atomic nucleus has at least one proton present. Rutherford proposed the origination of the neutron but he did not have enough factual information to prove its human beings. He also proposed that all of the positive charge and all of the mass of the atom occupied a small space in the center of an atom and that most of the atom is empty space occupied by electrons (Historical Outline).Henry Moseley was raised in an educational environment. His father was a biologist and a professor of anatomy and physiology, his grandfather was also a biologist and conchologist. Moseley was awarded a experience to attend Eton College. After Eton College, he went to Trinity College at the University of Oxford. He then went to the University of Manchester to study at a lower place Sir Ernest Rutherford (Moseley Wikipedia). Moseley was a young scientist, who was mostly known for his work with atomic numbers and the oscillating table. He experimented and found that the x-rays elements emit increase in a linear manner with each following element on the periodic table. He thought this could be directly related to the positive charge on the nucleus (Henry Moseley Wikipedia). Moseley then proved that the atomic numbers of elements were not random, but had a physical basis that could be measured. This is known as Moseleys law, and it justified many papers in chemistry by placing the elements on the periodic table into the make better order based on atomic number, not atomic mass (Royal Society of Chemistry). Mo seleys law also justified Rutherfords view of the atom. It justified this model of the atom because the law states that the atomic number of an element is also the exact number of positive charges in the central atomic nucleus, and also Rutherfords proposal that the atom is a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons (Moseley Wikipedia).Niels Bohr also grew up in a very educational atmosphere. His father was a distinguished physiologist, and his mother came from a family in the field of education. Bohr attended Copenhagen University where he went on to study physics. After receiving his Doctors degree, Bohr studied at Cambridge, where he studied under Thomson and Rutherford. Bohr started to study the structure of atoms based on Rutherfords findings (Bohr Nobel Prize). Ernest Rutherford found that an atom is a nucleus with electrons in orbit around it, Bohr realized that his model was not unaccompanied correct according to physics, it should be very unsta ble (PBS). Bohr came up with two rules that he applied to the movement of electrons. First, he said that electrons can only orbit a certain distance away from the nucleus. Secondly, he proposed that electrons only moved in restricted, consecutive orbital shells, and that the outer, high energy orbits determined the chemical properties of different elements (History of Atoms). Bohr also suggested that electrons jump from one orbital ring to another without ever being in an in-between state. Meaning that when atoms give off energy, such as light or heat, the electron will jump to a higher or lower orbit. Bohr created a model of what his evidence would look like the effigy above is the model Bohr created, it is still used today. When Bohr published this new discovery in 1913, some people did not accept it because of the basis of his information. Bohr developed his idea off of simple atoms, but the solid evidence was that his model matched up with patterns of light emitted by real hydr ogen atoms (PBS).Sir James Chadwick was born on October 20, 1891. He attended Manchester High school before entering Manchester University. Chadwick graduated in 1911 from the Honors school of Physics. He actually studied under Professor Rutherford, and he would hap to work with Rutherford for some time and in the future. Chadwick then moved on to Cambridge, where he would discover the neutron. While at Cambridge, Chadwick took a look at the accredited atomic model and found there was something missing (Chadwick Nobel Prize). In the previous atomic model, there were no neutrons, which made the atomic model seem incomplete. Ernest Rutherford had proposed the existence of an electrically neutral particle, but was never able to prove it existed. In 1932, Sir James Chadwick discovered the neutron. He found it to be slightly heavier than the proton with a mass of 1840 electrons and have a neutral charge (Discovery of Neutron).The incredible effort and great amount of time these scienti sts put in to discover more about atoms and their capability is what led us to the knowledge we have today. All of their research combined resulted in the birth of the modern atomic theory.

Employee Resistance to Change: Dissertation

Employee safeguard to swop DissertationChapter 1- IntroductionChange comes from anywhere, and is the only constant. Propelled by the driving force of technology and globalization, the economic decorate continuously transform in a way that has come to undermine the relevance of received wisdom on how a firm should be man be ond and what under delusions its triumph (Gregory Prastacos, et al., 2002). In this new millennium, it is to a greater extent challenging for an validation to sustain its competency or up to now survive in the diversity food market. When an organization is threatened by environmental diversifys such as crisis or competition, it declarations in the increasing needs for confabulation as technology develops rapidly and higher customer demands entrust be foreseen. Organizational replace is non an option it constitutes a fundamental necessity for success within the new competitive landscape (Hamel and Prahalad, 1996). An organization need to judge its perf ormance and recap its business strategies, corporate structure, operational process and HR policies to identify the argonas that need transformation. To of importtain its competitive advantages,an organization must make confinement to implement pitchs accordingly. Usually alters to be made in an organization is for the seeking of ex raceing the ability of the organization to achieve the strategic goals merely some term changes do not necessarily contribute to the improvement of the organization (Stroh, 2001). The expected result of the change might vary due to otherwise unexpected factors, such as shield to change.Resistance is a phenomenon that affects the change process, delaying or slowing down its beginning, obstructing or hindering its implementation, and increasing its costs (Ansoff, 1990). Effect of subway of changes in organization will cause distorted perception, interpretation barriers and vague strategic priorities, low motif among the people and lack of creativ e response (Val, 2003). It is crucial for change initiators to deal with guard for a successful change.Forasmuch as employees atomic number 18 the one who pop the channel done, and they the one who possess the get byledge, skills, tools and experiences, it is clear that organisational changes evokenot be achieved with let on employees support and social function. Employee assentance and frametal are the key factors for successful changes. Effective change management should recognize the importance of its employees and the way to minimize the resistant from employees. Therefore, understand why it is caused, the forms of foe and the factors pay off employees reactions to change is signifi guttert.1.1 Research ObjectiveThis enquiry will study on the factors of resistance to change from employees prospective. The aim of this research is to reappraisal the factor and find out the correlates among the factors. By better understanding these which a shift in perception could oc cur, the paper hope to develop a frame take form to change initiators of how certain concourse of employees is the likely to react and behave to change that being unleashed by the value and perception, this knowledge will en qualified change initiators to design change plan and cookery programs which recognize the set of employees, and to interact with diverse others in order to optimize the expected change affect.The research adjudicate to explore the followings areas as a imperious way to rationalize the value of this job studyTo identify the essential of employee resistance to change.To identify the symptoms of employee resistance to change.To identify the reasons of employee resistance to changeTo determine the unhomogeneous factors to effect employees resistance to changes.To evaluate the effect of these factors on organizations incoming development.1.2 Chapter SummaryChapter 1 of Introduction has provided a background of the circumstances that force organization to ch ange, and examined the inevitable resistance can undermined organizational change. By identifying the importance of employee in the organizational change, research objectives were generated to study on the resistance of change from employees perspectives and listed done the areas of the study to be explored on. The research was planned in a systematic way to rationalize the value of this project.Next chapter of this project will touch on a review of current literatures on the natural, symptoms and the reasons of employee resistance to change and factors affect employee resistance, followed by the research methodology, samples and terminal point of the research. The subsequent chapter will be the questionnaire data analysis presentation and finally the paper will conclude the findings and its conditional relations for change initiators. The aim of this research is to review the factors that affect employee resistance and evaluate it thought the target samples.Chapter 2- Literatur e Review2.1 Employee Resistance to Change2.1.1 The natureOrganizations can be confronted with incremental changes that focus on doing things better through a process of continuous tinkering, accommodateation and modification or transformational changes that are regarded as revolutionary and break with the past.(John Hayes, 2010) Although the incremental changes rarely presented any abrupt challenges to the assumptions people make about how they related to the world (John Hayes, 2010), this is not incessantly that case. People are not duplicate, the value, beliefs, assumption and knowledge of that soulfulness will be developed over the time, formed as a set of ad hominem opinion, perceptions, views of the world to guide their behaviors (Hallie Preskill and Rosalie Torres, 1999). It is concerned with whether employees regards view change can bring present or future ain benefit and opportunities or change is a threat to their job, skills or any other interests. The implementation of changes inevitably involves the vital interests of various shareholders, and e in particular employees.Resistance occurs since most employees desire to be successful in their work environments due to they have basic needs which must be satisfied. To begin with, employees want to know their role and their responsibilities within the organization. In additional, employees want to be able to predict what they will face in the future (Appelbaum, S.H. et al, 1998). Even though old procedures that were initially regarded as cumbersome, costly or ineffective, after a extend recursive execution, employees become comfortable and are used to the ways things were done. Employee might fear in a changing organization, on that pointfore change are a great deal be seen as a threat to ones existence within an organization if upgrading or acquiring new skills are a problem because of time constraints , or the inability of the person to learn these new techniques. Change within an organizationa l setting usually poses several problems and challenged by the pressure in aspect of money, ego, and male monarch for those who resist it. Employees resist change because they have learned to associate it negative feelings since their basic needs whitethorn now be threatened (Mealiea, 1978). Thus it is sympathetic nature that employees look at Change negatively, resistance at that placeby coming into play.2.1.2 The symptomsResistance, described by Kilian M. Bennebroek Gravenhorst (2003) is commonly considered to be standard or even natural in reaction to organizational change. It is described as an most inevitable psychological and organizational response that seems to apply to any kind of change, ranging from rather down in the mouth improvement to far-reaching change and organizational transformation. Symptoms are the specific behaviors exhibited when employee resistance to change (Albert F. Bolognese, 2002) According to Bhutan (1995), it is important to distinguish between th e symptoms of resistance to change and the causes behind them. Symptoms can be hypothesiseed in varies of forms, which Marc Maltz (2008) categorized it into the both varieties overt and covert. Overt resistance is concern with obvious opposition, disagreement, arguing, debating, etc., to any change effort. While, covert resistance comes in two forms one is conscious covert which employees are concerned about the consequences of their actions that they apparently agreed but actually not following though or refrain information and avoid implementation. Secondly is the unconscious covert resistance, which is the most difficult to see symptoms among employees as employees are unaware their resistance.2.1.3 The ReasonsThere are umteen causes designate to employees resistance to change, such as Coch French (1948), studied the workers of a clothing manufacturer and find that lower employee participitation causing the mistrust of management and increase their resistance to change. Kot ter and Schlesinger (1979) identify four common reasons why people resist organizational change people focus on their own interest and fear of losing something of value, it can be power and status, autonomy and ascendency, or specific skills Misunderstanding the change will cost them more than they will gain and lack of trust to the person who initiating change Different assessment of the necessity and benefit of change details Low tolerance for change, sometimes people just resist to change turned on(p)ly even they understand the need for change. Several studies have adjudge what Kotter and Schlesingers publication and enhance these categories with further researches, according to Prosci- A business process reengineering directory and resource companys study (2003) in past six years in 288 organizations from 51 countries, result constitutes the top reasons employee resist to change is because of corporate history and culture, which the organizations past performance of change project failed or did not make much sense, employees are less(prenominal) interested to take initiatives to support the current change, they are not in the flavor the month , thus employee expected it go away like what happened in the past. Lorenzo (2000) also acknowledge that one attribute to employees resistance is that past failures leaves negative image for future changes. Another reason added on in Prosci (2003)s research is that employee often opposes to change because of the added job responsibilities, new processes or technologies. Changes with lower motivation to get employees involved and less consideration of employees interest and their emotional and perceptual perspectives thereby eliminate their initiatives and level of commitment. Pardo Del Val, Manuela and Martinez Fuentes, Clara (2005) conclude above sources to employees resistance are most likely happen in change formulation stage, they further identify some reason rise resistance that consist of (a) organizationa l set in relation to change values that cause a strong implementation climate to determine whether employee to accept or oppose to change (b) departmental politics that form employees resistance.2.2 Factors affect employees resistance to changeLiteratures have identified variety of factors affect employee resistance to change, the most cited views of the factors fall on the organizational level, for instance the communication process, employee participation, change facilitation procedures in change process (Ricky Griffin ,2008) to improve organizational effectiveness. Moreover, employee motivation (David Clarence and McClelland, 1987) and quality of transmitership (Ken W. Parry, 1999) have been widely acknowledged to have influence on employees work initiatives, involvement and commitment, so that it can argues to be a significant factor to affect employees willingness to change.Above factors virtually are the ways to deal with the subtext of organizational humanity on the stage o f change process. However, one must understand the root factors played to affect employees perception towards organizational change. Fail to understand the intrinsic factors govern employees values and beliefs guided behavior in the context of the way they were doing and expected in the future, and all the necessities organization attempt or should to do to implement and facilitate change is crucial.Therefore, the research will chief(prenominal)ly explore on the face-to-face factors played to affect employee resistance to change including age, gender, personality traits (Locus of control) and employee educational level as follows2.2.1Age deflower Boomers refer to people who are born between 1945-1964. This generation grew up in an era of unprecedented economic growth and stability, so as to be regarded as a generation that finds comfort with long term employment with one organization. This has provided them with a false sense of stability (Loomis, 2000).Their perceived operative values emphasize on chain of command, teamwork, technically challenged, team work and loyal to employer As they born after War II, which they entered the economic boom era, Money and job pledge such as life time employment are definitely extremely important for them to sustain their living. In this regard, it is argued that Baby Boomers are easier to accept organizational change as their working value of chain of command which they tend to commit to the hierarchical order. Moreover, the inception of organization loyalty also attributes them to be more committed rather than resistant or any other negative reactions. (Hui-Chun, Yu and Peter Miller, 2003) Another neuropsychological research held by (Stanford University professor Laura L. Carstensen et al. 2000) on the relationship between age and emotional experiences found that the periods of super positive emotional experience were more likely to endure among older people and periods of highly negative emotional experience were les s stable. With age, older adults report relatively low levels of worrying (Sandra Hunt, Patricia Wisocki and Julianne Yanko, 2003), experience less anger (Schieman,1999), and have lower levels of emotional distress after natural disasters (Bolin Klenow, 1982-1983). The implication of these findings are older employees have better capability to regulate their negative emotions with organizational change and adjust themselves to adapt the environment.Employees adaptability has been seen a key attribute to a successful organizational change (Heslin , 2005).Compared with Baby Boomers, Generation X refers to those people who were born between 1965 to 1980. This generation of employee tend to more independent, self-motivated and self-sufficient (Loomis, 2000). This is because most X generations did not have enough of their family attention as children because their parent may have been single or working parents. X generations therefore became adaptive at handling things on their own and in their own ways. Their work value is perceived more on personal satisfaction, and their attitudes towards work are focus on flexibility empowerment, loyal to skills. (Hui-Chun, Yu and Peter Miller, 2003). Hence, when the change conflict with their own interest such as against what they used to do , their skills, or leave less empowerment to them, they will feel unmotivated towards to commit to the change. However, David J. OConnell, Eileen McNeely and Douglas (2004) argue that since Xers entered the workforce under the employment of deal, in which career readying and development are tumescently individual responsibilities and where the average worker can expect to make several changes during their working lives. In this regards, it seems like Xers are more adaptive to change.However, there are also numerous scholars debate the relationship between the age and the personal adaptability to change, such as Mirvis and Hall, 1996. Recent research held by OConell, McNeely and Hall, 2 008 also support this assertion, reporting that age is limited measured as a categorical variable viz. the characteristics about an individual .2.2.2 GenderAlthough many literatures have acknowledged the impact of gender protestence on the management practice, there had been little systematic attention focus on identifying the gender roles on effective change management relatively. Feminist perspectives have tended to highlight not only the impact of organizational change on womens relatively marginalized position but also the role of women in the change management (Melissa Tyler, 2005). Jamie L, Michael G and Homer Tolson (2005) research findings suggest that there is a difference between male and distaff executive of their emotional expressiveness, and women are regarded to process better skill at encoding and decoding emotions (Laura K. Guerrero and Kory Floyd, 2008). Emotions are intensive feelings that are directed at soul or something (Stephen P. Robbins and Timothy A. Jud ge, 2010). Goleman-the founder of emotional intelligence theory also mentioned that women are good at reading others feelings than men averagely in his book promulgated in 1995. The skills to encode and decode emotions generally have advantage to develop and maintain relationships (Laura K. Guerrero and Kory Floyd, 2008), because skilled encoders have ability to express their internal emotional nation so that other people can decode their emotions more easily and accurately (Burgoon and Bacue, 2003). In this regard, the chances such as misunderstanding and conflict due to implicit in(predicate) or unclear message delivered or received prone to be decreased, the communication becomes more easily and effective. In many literatures, communication has been widely acknowledged as a useful approach to eliminate resistance to change. Therefore, women are deems to be more successfully engaged in change circumstances.Maddock (1999) added that Women focus on relational aspect of how to do th ings,while men tend to be expected to think what to do. It appears that women are emotionally discreet on how they are vent to process the information, express and interpret their view points to react to change before making any decision. Combined with womens secondary position in labor market due to gender discrimination, especially in Confucian countries, in addition to their greater responsibilities in family and child care than men, which cause women are relatively ineffective to challenge the situation (Melissa Tyler, 2005). Hence Melissa argues that women in change management appear to be positioned as performing an interpersonal function associated with safety providing security in times of unexpected convulsion and anticipating. On the basis of these arguments, it seems that women tend to avoid conflict in working in this regard and to accept the change accordingly.2.2.3 Personality TraitsSome people are quiet and reserved, while others are aggressive and outgoing. Some p eople are trustworthy, some are not. People differ with each other in various dimensions as a result of different behavior and attitude towards things in personal life and working. The individuals differences are shape by personalities (Stephen P. Robbins and Timothy A. Judge, 2010) Personality refers to the traits and characteristics that make individuals unique (Greenberg and Baron, 2002). The most frequent used definition of personality was produced by Gordon Allport nearly 70 years agone which he commented that personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment. Personality thus becomes an important reason mangers need to know to generate a view of employees likely behaviors and examine their coping reaction. Meselaar and Cozijnsen (1997) further highlighted the personality is a determinate of individual reaction to organizational change.Locus of control refers to the degree peopl e imagine their own behaviours determine what happens to them. People believes they have more control over their destiny are referred as internal, and people who believe they have less control over their life and the results are attributing to the will of God, or to the fortune of being born in the right social mark or family are referred as external. At this point, it is suggested that people behave differently towards change. Wilson (1992) developed an approach referred as determinism to study change management portrays the manager and other organizational members as pawns affected by change rather than as agents who can initiate and secure change. Their ability to influence is limited because of the main determinates lie outside the organization. John Hayes (2010) argues that those who are overcommitted deterministic view of change may be inclined to believe that the locus of control is external to themselves and the organization and may therefore develop view that there is lit tle they can do to influence events. Hence, people who think this way is less likely to attempt to adopt a proactive approach to the management of change than those who have more internal view about locus of control.2.2.4 Educational LevelAlthough there were not many literatures specifically emphasize the employees educational level to their resistance to organizational change, it is widely acknowledged (e.g. George H. McCall, Karl E. Ristow and Daniel J. Cimini, 2004) that higher education improves employees personal management, time management, communication skills and problem solving skills. Higher education defined by Roberg (1987) refers to the instruction that was obtained at university or colleague. According to Thomas Kent Gaylor (2001)s research on 286 police officeholder from two North Texas Police department in 2001, result shows no significance relationship between the educational level and employees openness to change. However the limitation of his research was lack of variation in respondents education level. Nevertheless, the author believe that higher education of employees will be more likely to support and commit organization change with more positive thinking of why the change is needed, hence the research intend to do further evaluation with different samples on the relationship of educational level to employee resistance to change since it is a logic factor that higher education equipped with employees more knowledge and broader thinking and believe, which centralize the tendency to be dogmatic and to be more creative.2.3 Chapter SummaryChapter 2 of Literature Review has explored on the current literatures on employee resistance to change in terms of the natural, symptoms and reasons. The inevitable resistances from employee impulse the research to further find out the factors that affect employee resistance to change. The research noted many factors including communication process, employee participations, change facilitation process, e mployee motivation and quality of leadership, and lastly mainly reviewed the personal factors played consist of age, gender, personality traits (locus of control) and employee educational level influence various aspects from values and beliefs and emotions as a result of different behavior and levels of adaptability reacted to changeAfter exposit the literature review of factors affect employees resistance to change, the paper will tackle the main objectives of this research. Starting with the interpretation of research methodology, samples and limitation of the research, then paper will touch on the analysis part of the questionnaire, to examine the reflected results against with the literatures reviewed earlier on, so as to evaluate its universality of the factors in the ingest organization.Chapter 3- Research Methodology3.1 Secondary ResearchThe research was carried out at the beginning though a secondary research to review the current literatures on the areas of the study, wh ich contains of the nature, symptoms and the reasons of employee resistance to change and the factors affect employee resistance to change from a more intrinsic view by looking at employee personal factors. The factors focus on the employees adaptability to change determined by age and gender, one dimension of personality traits -locus of control, and employee educational level. The information is stash away from textbooks, journals and articles from reliable and creditable online journal Publications, National Library and Campus Library.3.2 Primary ResearchIn order to evaluate the factors been presented in literature review, the research will primarily employ questionnaires as the main methodologies for information gathering. The questionnaire will be carried out with various employees working in a large organization. The methods allow directly and original information to be self- imperturbable from participants. Questionnaire results are to be consolidated, and will be analyzed using various questionnaire analyze techniques, to interpret the data.The main reason of using questionnaire and interview is because data is collected directly from specific target respondents. Interviewers have the ability to ask extra intensive questions of the respondent concerning survey responses.3.2.1 Research SamplesThe research was conducted using data collected from a large size agribusiness organization located in Singapore, mainly doing palm oil plantation and trading. The reason of choosing this organization is because it is currently undergoing turbulence and change on merger with one small size palm oil trading company and one ship chartering company. And it also has experienced many merger and change in the past. Therefore the target samples of the questionnaire participants in the organization must have many varies views on organizational change to enable the research generate more practical reflections from employees perspective on organizational change and change effect on them, aims to evaluate the universality application of all those factors on employee resistance to change presented in literature on the target sampling.The questionnaire attempt to invite 150 employees in this organization from four departments who are affected by the merger plan, respectively 25 employee from IT department, 35 employees from logistic department, 25 employee from finance department and 65 employees from operation department.3.2.2 Limitation of This ResearchDuring the research, data collected could be deviated due to limitation in the research methodology as followsData may not represent the entire population due to the limitation of sampling sizeAs the four department employees may experience different kinds of minor changes in their department respectively, whether the change offend their interest or not might bring subjective bias towards their response to the questionnaire, hence the accuracy of data collected will be deviated.Respondent who experience the past organizational change may bring different perceptions towards new change.The choice of the question may limited respondents response.3.3 Chapter SummaryChapter 3 presented the methodology of this research which employed on secondary research to review the current literatures on the area of the study, and also the primary research using questionnaires to collect data. Research Samples chosen was a large agribusiness organization who is experiencing turbulence and undergoing merger and work structural change. The limitations of the research were also discussed including the sample size, respondents bias, past organizational change experience as thoroughly as the choice of questions may also affect the accuracy of the survey result. Next chapter will touch on the research result analysis and discussion.Chapter 4- resultant role Analysis and DiscussionThe questionnaires were distributed to 150 employees in IT, Logistic, Finance and Operation department respectively as planne d in Chapter 3, the responding rate is about 76%, namely 114 employees attend the questionnaire. Following are the result of each factors being tested.4.1 AgeThe research finding on age factors shows that respondents in different age assort perceived change differently and appears with different level of resistance. In contrary with literatures presented earlier on demonstrating age have negative relationship with organizational change where people are more emotional stable and adaptable to organizational change as they age. Instead, the result shows that in the age group of 20 to 65+, employees are more resistant to change as they age an interesting finding is that for employees aged below 20, whom were surprisingly scored higher marks on resistance. visit 4.1.2 shows details of scores on resistance in each age group.Figure 4.1.2- Age group vs Resist to change scoreThe possible causes lead to this result might because when younger people firstly enter the workforce with no experi ence and lower educational background, they are uncertain about their skills and abilities. They may behave self-concerned and less flexible dealing with working matters, and not mature enough to regulate their emotions as they are undergoing a transition from childhood to adult, give instruction life to working life with increased responsibilities, time is needed to help them accept such big changes and adapt themselves in the new environment. As they age and become more mature, they seek for competence, career movement and relationship, they are more flexible and motivated to change themselves in the organization to achieve their objectives. As time goes on, they feel tired and queried about what supposed to be. They are loyalty to their skills and fear losing it in the future. Stability, job security and sense of seniority may become the main values after they age 46. Hence they might act more resisting to change as demonstrated in below figure. Super (1980)s Life coiffe Theory displayed some common characteristics against to the above analysis and assumptions, which the author would like to research further.4.2 GenderOut of total 114 respondents, 78 are women, and 36 are men, most of men respond strongly agree that organizational change is necessary and beneficial, and express their willingness to take challenges. Although there is no strong evidence to show that women are more resistance to change, most of women strongly agreed with the statement that when things are not going as plan, they tend to feel stress and if there is significant change regarding the way things are done, they would probably feel stressed. At this point, the research result suggested that women tend to be trapped in stress situation more easily than men. Hellriegel, D. Slocom, J. W., and Woodman, R.W.(2001) has pointed out that organizational change can be viewed as greatest source of stress on job and perhaps employees life. underline cause low morale, high desertion rate and c onsequently reduce in job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The women research samples in this study reflect lower ability to regulate stress in working and life that affect their job performance. When organizational changes go against their interest, plan or principles, family life, it easily get women feel stress emotionally and potentially raise their resistance level which can be described as unconscious covert resistance (Marc Maltz, 2008) whereby employees are unaware of their resistance to change. Such symptom as mentioned in Chapter 2 is difficult to recognize and manage. The result urges the management to recognize gender-related problems in the organizational process. The implication of the result underlines the importance of evaluating and managing performance between women and men employees in implementing change.4.3 Locus of ControlFigure 4.3.1 shows the relationship between Locus of Control versus Resist to Change scale. The extent of Locus of Control are div ided into 5 category based on the score respondents received on answering 10 specially designed question (Q7-Q16) catered to identify the individual level of locus of Control. For each correct answer that suggested Internal Locus of Control, the participant are give 1 point, the end results are totaled up with a formula (N/10)x100. The result are categ

The Swastika in MAUS Essay -- Maus Essays

The Swastika in MAUS The image of the swastika pervades Arthur Spiegelmans graphic young MAUS. In a work where so much of the Holocaust has been changed in more or less way - after all, there are no humans in this version, only cats, mice, dogs, and pigs - we must wonder why Spiegelman chooses to retain this well-known emblem. To remove it all in all or replace it with an some other, invented symbolism would completely disorient the reader nevertheless some might claim that this is the solvent at which Spiegelman is aiming. I believe it is not. Rather, Spiegelman uses the swastika to subtly remind the reader that while the guise in which events are presented may be somewhat unfamiliar, the novel is still a narrative of the Holocaust. The swastika, it has been pointed out, has forever been a powerful symbol. Before Hitlers time, it was used across the world, often with the symbolic meaning of the sun, power, life force, or other superlatives - especially as a symbol for the Budd ha. The Nazis co-opted this symbol only after much deliberation, and perhaps the Nazi regime never could have come into public without the use of ideograms such as the swastika. The Nazis demoralize this symbol by rotating it into a diagonal position and making it bolder than it traditionally was, therefore giving it more aggressiveness. effrontery the innate power of this symbol, Spiegelman would be hard put to find an alternative for his depiction of the Nazis that could evoke the same response. The image found on the front cover of the halt is clearly a Nazi swastika - the traditional, pre-Nazi swastika uses horizontal and vertical, not diagonal lines. However, to clarify who exactly is being identified with the Nazis, we must look to the stylized, angulate cats fa... ...entation of his fathers Holocaust experience, it would be dishonest and dirty to do anything else. But then why is the swastika not only seen in places where it would have historically appeared - on Nazi f lags, on the sides of Nazi vehicles - but also as a background image for a particularly gruesome event in the daybook and as a pattern create by roads? It seems that this is intended to remind us that this is the Holocaust we are reading about. The blurb on the in spite of appearance front flap states Its form, the cartoon... succeeds perfectly in shocking us out of any lingering sense of familiarity with the events described. But this is not entirely true - by using the swastika, we are reminded that even though the characters are animals, this is still Holocaust history. The familiarity of the swastika still lingers in our minds and colors our perception of the entire story. The Swastika in MAUS Essay -- Maus EssaysThe Swastika in MAUS The image of the swastika pervades Arthur Spiegelmans graphic novel MAUS. In a work where so much of the Holocaust has been changed in some way - after all, there are no humans in this version, only cats, mice, dogs, and pigs - w e must wonder why Spiegelman chooses to retain this well-known emblem. To remove it entirely or replace it with another, invented symbol would completely disorient the reader but some might claim that this is the effect at which Spiegelman is aiming. I believe it is not. Rather, Spiegelman uses the swastika to subtly remind the reader that while the guise in which events are presented may be somewhat unfamiliar, the novel is still a narrative of the Holocaust. The swastika, it has been pointed out, has always been a powerful symbol. Before Hitlers time, it was used across the world, often with the symbolic meaning of the sun, power, life force, or other superlatives - especially as a symbol for the Buddha. The Nazis co-opted this symbol only after much deliberation, and perhaps the Nazi regime never could have come into existence without the use of ideograms such as the swastika. The Nazis perverted this symbol by rotating it into a diagonal position and making it bolder than it tra ditionally was, therefore giving it more aggressiveness. Given the innate power of this symbol, Spiegelman would be hard-pressed to find an alternative for his depiction of the Nazis that could evoke the same response. The image found on the front cover of the book is clearly a Nazi swastika - the traditional, pre-Nazi swastika uses horizontal and vertical, not diagonal lines. However, to clarify who exactly is being identified with the Nazis, we must look to the stylized, angular cats fa... ...entation of his fathers Holocaust experience, it would be dishonest and unfair to do anything else. But then why is the swastika not only seen in places where it would have historically appeared - on Nazi flags, on the sides of Nazi vehicles - but also as a background image for a particularly gruesome event in the book and as a pattern formed by roads? It seems that this is intended to remind us that this is the Holocaust we are reading about. The blurb on the inside front flap states Its fo rm, the cartoon... succeeds perfectly in shocking us out of any lingering sense of familiarity with the events described. But this is not entirely true - by using the swastika, we are reminded that even though the characters are animals, this is still Holocaust history. The familiarity of the swastika still lingers in our minds and colors our perception of the entire story.

the scarlet letter :: essays research papers

The Scarlet LetterBy Nathaniel HawthorneThe Scarlet Letter is a twaddle that shows a love that cannot be. Mother, said little Pearl, the sunshine does not love you. It runs away and hides itself, because it is afraid of something on your bosom. It will not flee from me, for I go against nothing on my bosom yet This quotation is how I see the love that cannot be. The sunshine is the love of a man (Arthur Dimmesdale) and it does just what Pearl says - it runs and hides itself from the vermilion letter. This love must be hidden because of practical reasons such as Roger Chillingworth who is her husband is still alive. He knows about his wife and Arthur and he is plotting revenge on Arthur. With Roger in Boston he would get in the way of them having an open relationship and he would destroy their true love.Arthur and Hesters love cannot exist because of own(prenominal) reasons as well. Hester wears the scarlet letter, so Arthur cant be with her or it might destroy his reputation. Al so, if he were to be with her, the people of his church could not way up to him for their spiritual guidance.The final reason to keep these lovers apart is societal. The Puritan belief in New England during the middle of the seventeenth century would not shit tolerated any type of union between Arthur and Hester. The strict codes of conduct would destroy any way for them to be alone. Their only opportunities to be alone are go on encounters in the forest, but then it would seem as if they were going to see the black, mysterious man that represents evil in this book.Because of all these reasons, The Scarlet Letter is a story about a love that could not be.