Development Of The Modern Atomic Theory Philosophy Essay

Development Of The red-brick Atomic Theory Philosophy EssayThe Modern Atomic Theory states that 1. Atoms are no longer considered indivisible or indestructible 2. Atoms of the same(p) element tolerate have various weights and subdivisions of antithetic elements can have the same weight 3. Atoms are the humbleest particles that take part in chemical reactions and 4. Atoms do not always have to combine in wide ratios (Wiz IQ). The development of this theory can be contri stilled to the works of John Dalton, J.J. Thomson, Robert Millikan, Ernest Rutherford, heat content Moseley, Niels Bohr, Gary Motherfucking Oak, and Sir James Chadwick.John Dalton was the first scientist to propose a version of the modern nuclear theory. He based his nuclear theory off of ancient Greek philosophers theories on instalments, although his theory was much more accurate than theirs. Dalton did not have any(prenominal) experimental designs for his theory, but he did have a lot of quality research. He proposed a standard symbol for each element (right). He give that chemical elements were composed of components, and that the atoms in one element were all identical in weight, but atoms of different elements had different weights (Atomic Theory). John Dalton was able to prove this discipline because of his development of a method used to find nuclear weights. He also rig that atoms only combined in small whole-number ratios. This information is connect to the formulation of the Law of Multiple Proportions (Historical Outline). The Law of Multiple Proportions states that when two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the fortune of one element and the upsurge of the other element are in a ratio of small whole numbers. He created the Law of Multiple Proportions as he was experimenting with finding the atomic weights of elements (Britannica). With all of his work, John Dalton came up with his own atomic theory. It stated that 1. Matter is made up of very small , indivisible parts known as atoms 2. Atoms of the same element are identical in every way 3. Atoms of different elements are different in all ways 4. When atoms of the same or different element combine they form compound atoms 5. When combined, they do so in simple, whole-number ratios 6. An atom is the smallest particle to have a part in chemical reactions and 7. An atom can neither be created nor destroyed (Wiz IQ).When J.J Thomson was only 14 years when he enrolled at Owens College, Manchester. He consequently went on to become a married person of Trinity College, after that he became a prof at Cambridge. As a professor, Thomson made a few trips to America, and when he returned, he made the near brilliant discovery of his career. Thomson had discovered the electron. While he was on another trip to America, he lectured on some things he thought the structure of an atom would be (Thomson Nobel Prize). Before him, Dalton had done a lot of research with atoms, but his theory had nothing about the physical and internal structures of atoms. The evidence that led him to imagine Daltons theory was not the most accurate was his own discovery of the electron, or negatively charged particles (Historical Outline). Thomson discovered the electron while experimenting with cathode rays he concluded that a cathode ray is a stream of negatively charged particles that has a mess about 1000 times smaller than a hydrogen atom. With this information he proposed that cathode rays are streams of particles much smaller than atoms, and that theses small particles were pieces of atoms (American Institute of Physics). In 1904, Thomson made a model of what he believed the internal structure of an atom looked like (Chemical inheritance Foundation). He called this model, Plum Pudding, because there was a positively charged bowl with negatively charged electrons in the atom that were like plums in pudding (History of Atoms).Robert Millikan grew up in rural America as the son of Rev erend Silas Millikan. He attended Oberlin College. After he graduated, he taught elementary physics. He became a professor at the University of Chicago after being a teacher in every grade level. Millikan made many advancements in his career, but by far, his superlative discovery was that of the charge of an electron. Millikan determined the unit charge of the electron Thomson discovered (Millikan Nobel Prize). With the unit charge of the electron, the mass of electrons and positively charged atoms could be calculated. He found the unit charge of the electron by using his oil drop experiment. In the oil drop experiment, Millikan dropped oil drops a certain outmatch in air and measured how long it took the drop to fall. Then he turned on an electric field, and measured how long it took for the oil drops to rise the same distance upward. With the two times-up and down-of the oil drops, Millikan could find the mass of the drop of oil and its total charge. Sometimes the charge of the oil drop would change and he concluded that these changes were small multiples of e, an important unit charge (Franklin).Ernest Rutherford grew up with a father who was a wheelwright and a mother who was a schoolteacher. When he was 16, Rutherford entered Nelson Collegiate School then went on to study at the University of New Zealand, where he earned a masters degree in mathematics and physics. Rutherford was awarded the Exhibition Science Scholarship, which enabled him to study at Trinity College where he would work closely with Thomson, the man who discovered the electron and found that atoms were made of electrons. Another Scientist who did work with atoms was Millikan did who found the charge of an electron Rutherford went in depth to find a more accurate depiction of the internal structure of an atom and how the electrons play a role in its structure (Rutherford Nobel Prize). He experimented with alpha rays and concluded, with their help, that the atom was a small, heavy nucleu s with electrons in field of force around it. Rutherford developed a model of this atom with a nucleus and orbiting electrons the portraying to the right is the Rutherford model. This would become the base for the model that is still accepted today (Atomic Theory). Besides stating that electrons orbit a nucleus, Rutherford also discovered the proton, which makes up the nucleus of a hydrogen atom. He found that a proton has a single positive electric charge, and that every atomic nucleus has at least one proton present. Rutherford proposed the origination of the neutron but he did not have enough factual information to prove its human beings. He also proposed that all of the positive charge and all of the mass of the atom occupied a small space in the center of an atom and that most of the atom is empty space occupied by electrons (Historical Outline).Henry Moseley was raised in an educational environment. His father was a biologist and a professor of anatomy and physiology, his grandfather was also a biologist and conchologist. Moseley was awarded a experience to attend Eton College. After Eton College, he went to Trinity College at the University of Oxford. He then went to the University of Manchester to study at a lower place Sir Ernest Rutherford (Moseley Wikipedia). Moseley was a young scientist, who was mostly known for his work with atomic numbers and the oscillating table. He experimented and found that the x-rays elements emit increase in a linear manner with each following element on the periodic table. He thought this could be directly related to the positive charge on the nucleus (Henry Moseley Wikipedia). Moseley then proved that the atomic numbers of elements were not random, but had a physical basis that could be measured. This is known as Moseleys law, and it justified many papers in chemistry by placing the elements on the periodic table into the make better order based on atomic number, not atomic mass (Royal Society of Chemistry). Mo seleys law also justified Rutherfords view of the atom. It justified this model of the atom because the law states that the atomic number of an element is also the exact number of positive charges in the central atomic nucleus, and also Rutherfords proposal that the atom is a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons (Moseley Wikipedia).Niels Bohr also grew up in a very educational atmosphere. His father was a distinguished physiologist, and his mother came from a family in the field of education. Bohr attended Copenhagen University where he went on to study physics. After receiving his Doctors degree, Bohr studied at Cambridge, where he studied under Thomson and Rutherford. Bohr started to study the structure of atoms based on Rutherfords findings (Bohr Nobel Prize). Ernest Rutherford found that an atom is a nucleus with electrons in orbit around it, Bohr realized that his model was not unaccompanied correct according to physics, it should be very unsta ble (PBS). Bohr came up with two rules that he applied to the movement of electrons. First, he said that electrons can only orbit a certain distance away from the nucleus. Secondly, he proposed that electrons only moved in restricted, consecutive orbital shells, and that the outer, high energy orbits determined the chemical properties of different elements (History of Atoms). Bohr also suggested that electrons jump from one orbital ring to another without ever being in an in-between state. Meaning that when atoms give off energy, such as light or heat, the electron will jump to a higher or lower orbit. Bohr created a model of what his evidence would look like the effigy above is the model Bohr created, it is still used today. When Bohr published this new discovery in 1913, some people did not accept it because of the basis of his information. Bohr developed his idea off of simple atoms, but the solid evidence was that his model matched up with patterns of light emitted by real hydr ogen atoms (PBS).Sir James Chadwick was born on October 20, 1891. He attended Manchester High school before entering Manchester University. Chadwick graduated in 1911 from the Honors school of Physics. He actually studied under Professor Rutherford, and he would hap to work with Rutherford for some time and in the future. Chadwick then moved on to Cambridge, where he would discover the neutron. While at Cambridge, Chadwick took a look at the accredited atomic model and found there was something missing (Chadwick Nobel Prize). In the previous atomic model, there were no neutrons, which made the atomic model seem incomplete. Ernest Rutherford had proposed the existence of an electrically neutral particle, but was never able to prove it existed. In 1932, Sir James Chadwick discovered the neutron. He found it to be slightly heavier than the proton with a mass of 1840 electrons and have a neutral charge (Discovery of Neutron).The incredible effort and great amount of time these scienti sts put in to discover more about atoms and their capability is what led us to the knowledge we have today. All of their research combined resulted in the birth of the modern atomic theory.